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Revolution

The document summarizes key events in the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the emerging conflict between Filipino and American forces after the Spanish defeat. It describes Aguinaldo allying with the Americans and returning to the Philippines to resume the fight against Spain. It then discusses the siege of Manila by Filipino forces and the secret agreement between the Americans and Spanish for a mock battle, excluding Filipinos, before Spain's surrender. This sowed early tensions between Aguinaldo and the Americans over the latter's intentions in the Philippines.

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Revolution: 2nd Phase By: Aubrey Vale Sagun
The Struggle Continues • Governor General Primo de Rivera. The leader of the Spanish succeed in the battlefield of Cavite over Aguinaldo’s forces. • During the war they made a truce so that they can recover to their losses and resume fighting later. • General Emilio Aguinaldo – recognized as leader of the Filipino that time, negotiated the Americans to delay confrontation with an obviously more powerful country. • All of Filipino thought that time, that the Americans are ally but they were wrong, instead they replace the Spanish force and stay over as the new colonial master.
The Relief on Primo de Rivera • Governor-General Primo de Rivera’s success was highly praised in Spain and Queen of Spain rewarded him the Grand Cross of San Fernando and a pension of about P10,000. • Mid February 1898, - an armed hostilities occurred, many Spaniards blamed the Filipinos for violating the truce of biak na bato. In spain, election was made resulted of Conservative party win. It sent General Basilio Augustine as governor-general to succeed Primo-de Rivera. • In that time, rumors occurred that the Spaniards and the Americans is about to begin war. • Aprill 9, 1898 – Governor general Augustin arrived in Manila and the following day Primo de Rivera turned
American Designs on the Philippines • Spanish-American relation worsen • May 1897 statement made by Theodore Roosevelt that war between Spain and US should break out in order to expand the navy. • February 25, 1898 – Roosevelt cabled Dewey to make Hongkong his base operation. • 1899 – Roosevelt confessed that the Spanish-American war is not an accident, but a planned action.
The Spanish-American war • The stolen Dupuy de Lome letter about President William McKinley stating that McKinley was a weakling and a low politician was published in a New York periodical resulted a war against Spain. • Ferbruary 15, 1898 – the American warship Maine was blown up at Havana harbour, resulting in the death of 246 men. • Roosevelt saw the accident as an excuse to goad his government to war. • April 21, 1898 – declaring a state of war with Spain. • April 25, 1898 – Dewey was ordered to destroy Spanish fleet.
The Battle of Manila Bay • Dewey received a message by cable from the Secretary of war and this message order to destroy Spain. • Dewey ordered to sail for Manila bay. Quietly, he entered the bay in the early of the morning hours of May 1, 1898. • The Spanish were too late in detecting passage of the fleet. • Admiral Patricio Montojo – he watch Dewey’s course as he entered Manila bay.
• Dewey spotted the Spanish ships and calculated the distance and said “ you may fire when you are ready, Gridley” • All the American ships burst with fire and dominate the battle by 12:30 in the afternoon, admiral Montojo’s fleet was already destroyed. • After that, the Spanish hoisted a white flag, a sign that they surrender and that only means that the Americans won.
Aguinaldo In Singapore • To escape from a trial in Hong Kong, Aguinaldo and his 2 companions secretly left for Saigon, where he took another ship for Singapore. • April 23, 1898 - Howard Bray contacted Aguinaldo and told him that the American consul E. Spencer Pratt wanted to have a meeting with him. • In the course of the meeting, Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to cast his lot with the Americans. • Aguinaldo expressed his eagerness to return to the Philippines to lead once more the Filipinos in the fight against the Spaniards. • April 26, 1898 – Aguinaldo and his companions sailed for Hong Kong. Unfortunately, Dewey had already sailed for Manila Bay when Aguinaldo arrived.
Aguinaldo and Consul Wildman• American Consul in Hong Kong Rounseville Wildman promptly met Aguinaldo and informed him that Dewey had left instructions for him to make arrangements for the return of Aguinaldo to the Philippines. • Wildman suggested that upon his return, Aguinaldo should establish a dictatorial government which was necessary in the prosecution of the war against Spain, however, after the wars and after the peace had been restored, he should establish a government similar to that of the US. • Aguinaldo asked Wildman to purchase arms and ammunitions for the Filipinos. • He gave Wildman P50,000 for 2,000 rifles and P200,000 rounds of ammunition. Before his departure, Aguinaldo gave Wildman P67,000 for another shipment of arms.
Aguinaldo and the Hong Kong Junta • Dewey won the battle of Manila bay and this news reached around the world. • Members met on May 4, 1898 to discuss the steps to be taken in the face of the new developments. • Since the situation of the Philippines was critical, Aguinaldo asked the members of the Junta to advise him on what to do. After an exchange of opinions, the Junta unanimously decided that Aguinaldo should return to the Philippines to lead the Filipinos against the Spaniards.
Aguinaldo Returns • Consul Wildman arranged for Aguinaldo’s passage. • The McCulloch left Hong Kong on May 17 and arrived at Cavite on May 19. • Soon after, Dewey’s launch took him to Olympia where he was given honors due a general. • Aguinaldo alleged that in his conference with Dewey aboard the latter’s flagship, he was told that the US needed no colonies and that there was no doubt that the US would recognize Philippine independence. Dewey,
Renewal of the Struggle • As soon as Aguinaldo had landed the ware materials from Hong Kong, rebels from Bataan came to see him. He handed them copies of his proclamations urging the people to rally once more to the Filipino flag in the struggle against the Spaniards. • Arms were secured from the American warship Petrel and distributed among a large number of Filipinos coming in to offer their loyalty and services to Aguinaldo. • Day after day, Aguinaldo’s headquarters was besieged by patriotic rebels. By the end of May, Aguinaldo’s forces had captured about 5,000 prisoners.
Spanish Attempts to Win Over Filipinos • Governor General Basilio Agustin found himself betrayed by the Filipinos who volunteered for the Spanish Army. • To counteract the effect, some Spaniards circulated a handbill entitled “ Viva La Automia!” in which they stated that the “salvation of the unity of the Islands, the unity of the liberties, and the unity of its local and central government lies with Spain. • May 28, General Augustin, called the first and only Consultative Assembly and appointed prominent mestizos to sit on it.
Spanish Attempts to Win Over Filipinos • His purpose was to win over to his side the wealthy and influential segment of the Filipinos and to make it appear he had the welfare of the Filipinos at heart. • The Consultative Assembly as nothing but a decoration, for its function was purely advisory and did not have the right to initiate reforms. • Augustin’s attempt to win over the Filipinos to his side of Spain failed.
The Siege of Manila • Intramuros – The Walled City. The districts outside the city were called arrabaleo or suburbs. • Dewey had do far not invade or bombarded the city, where thousands of Spaniards sought refuge because he still waited for reinforcements. • Filipino forces under Aguinaldo besieged the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy within its walls. The suburbs teemed with Filipino soldiers. • To make it effective, Aguinaldo cut off the city’s food and water supply. It was so effective that the people inside the city-Spaniards as well as Filipinos and aliens- suffered from hungered and taste. • June 6 and the following day, Aguinaldo offered Augustin to surrender but he stubbornly refused to accept it. • With Augustin’s refusal, Aguinaldo continued the siege.
The Spanish-American secret Agreement • June 30, 1898 – first reinforcement under Gen. Thomas Anderson • July 17, 1898 – second reinforcement under Gen. Francis Greene • July 31, 1898 – third reinforcement under Gen. Arthur McArthur • Dewey made use of his inborn diplomatic skill. He thought that the surrender of Manila could be effected by the use of arms, thus, he starts negotiations with Augustin, through Belgian Consul Andre, regarding the surrender of Manila. • Peninsular Government heard of Augustin’s plan to surrender, it relieved him as governor and appointed General Fermin Jaudenes.
The Spanish-American secret Agreement • Like Augustin, Jaudenes believed that the Spanish position was hopeless in the face of the superior enemy and in the face of the Filipinos. And to save his face, he insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of honor, there should be a mock battle, after which the armed forces of Spain would surrender. He further insisted that Filipino rebels excluded. • Dewey and Meritt accepted the terms even if it meant treachery to their ally Aguinaldo. • The agreement was so secret that no one else in either camp knew of its existense.
Beginnings of the Filipino-American Rift • When the reinforcement arrived, Gen. Wesley Meritt decided that the offensive against Manila would be conducted along the bay side. • Merritt asked Greene to ask for Aguinaldo’s cooperation, which means the evacuation of Filipino troops from the bay side. • Aguinaldo demanded that the request for evacuation be in writing and Greene promised he would, after they evacuate. With the verbal promise, he withdrew his troops to give way to Americans. Greene, however, did not honor his word. • Aguinaldo and other military leaders had suspicions of the Ultimate American intentions. • On the eve of the mock battle, Gen. Anderson telegraphed Aguinaldo: “Do not let your troops enter Manila without permission from the American Commander. On this side of the Pasig river you will be under fire.”
The Mock battle of Manila • The assault was to have begun in August 10. Bad weather however delayed the planned action. Dewey and Meritt issued a joint ultimatum to Jaudenes telling him to evacuate non-combatants to safe places as the American land and naval forces would start operations “against the defences of Manila” • August 13, the day of the mock battle. The Filipino troops arrived and they positioned themselves to the right to McArthur flank, ready to rush into the fray. Despite request from Anderson to hold back his troops, Aguinaldo stayed firm in his decision to participate. • The plan of the attack was for Dewey’s ships to bombard Fort San Antonio Bad.
The Mock battle of Manila • At 9:30 A.M, the Olympia began bombardment of the Spanish positions in the fort, followed a little later by other warships. • Greene began his advance from Malate an hour later, while McArthur advanced from Singalong at about 11:00 A.M. The Filipino troops then moved closer to the walls of the city. • The Spaniards hoisted the white flags at about 11:20 A.M, but it was not until 12 NN that Gen. Greene noticed it. • Manila gad fallen.
Terms of Capitulation • Gen. Greene upon seeing the flag, rushed into the open Bagumbayan field. He was on his way to confer with Gen. Jaudenes. • 5 PM the terms of capitulation were agreed upon by both sides. • The Spanish authorities agreed to surrender the Spanish troops and the Filipino volunteers found inside the Walled city. The American on the other hand, agreed to safeguard the city its inhabitants, its churhces and religious worship.
The Protocol of Peace • August 10, 1898 – Secretary of State submitted to the representative of Spain, a draft of the protocol which provided for the appointment of not more than 5 commissioners on each side to discuss the treaty. The draft also provided for the cessation of the Spanish-American hostilities. • Spain agreed to sign the terms. • August 12 (Washington time). Pres. McKinley issued a proclamation directing that “ all military operations against the enemy be suspended”. • The proclamation was cabled to Meritt on the same day. But because Dewey cut the cable between Manila and the outside world after the battle of Manila bay. Meritt did not receive it until the afternoon of August 16 when the Mock battle of Manila had already been “fought” and the terms were signed. • Thus, the mock battle of Manila would not have been “fought” and Spanish honor would have been saved had not cut Dewey cut the cable earlier.