THE FILIPINO AMERICAN HOSTILITIES OF GROUP 1

THE FILIPINO AMERICAN HOSTILITIES OF GROUP 1

• 1.
  The Filipino American Hostilities
• 2.
  The Filipino AmericanHostilities • The American insistence on the evacuation by Aguinaldo’s army of the strategic points along the Manila Bay area, the refusal of the American military authorities to allow the Filipino, soldiers to enter the city after its surrender, and the American limitation of the areas to be occupied by the Filipino troops after the mock battle of Manila, led progressively to the deterioration of Filipino-American relations.
• 3.
  The misunderstanding thatfollowed these incidents climaxed in the signing of the Treaty of Paris without consultation with Filipinos. •However, were made by mixed commission of Filipino and American to relax the tension between the two peoples, but the American members of the commission tried to prolong the session without trying to improve the situation because they were waiting for the American reinforcement which were then on their way to Manila.
• 4.
  • February 4,1899, an American sentry shot a Filipino soldier resulting in the outbreak of the Filipino-American hostilities. The Filipino fought at a disadvantage, for they had no sufficient arms with the enemy. But it took the Americans almost three years to conquer the Filipinos.
• 5.
  American Apostasy American whofirst approached Aguinaldo in Hong Kong and in Singapore to persuade him to cooperate with Commodore Dewey in wrestling the power from the Spaniards. • While it may not be true that Dewey promise Aguinaldo American recognition of Philippine independence, yet it is, nevertheless, true that there was an informal alliance between Dewy and Aguinaldo- an alliance to fight a common enemy, the Spaniards.
• 6.
  • Such asAmerican action showed that they used Aguinaldo merely as a tool for their own selfish purpose. More significantly, their attitude towards Aguinaldo showed that they came to the Philippines no as friends, but an enemy masking as a friend. • December 1898 – the Treaty of Paris was signed without even consulting the Filipino people and their representatives, the Filipino-American alliance that was forged under the pressure of necessity gave way to mutual hostility.
• 7.
  EMILIO AGUINALDO
• 8.
  Attempts to Relax theTension-Aguinaldo
• 9.
  • Tension-Aguinaldo, however,tried • his best to relax the Filipino-American tension. He knew that an armed conflict with the Americans would necessitate more and bitter sacrifices on the part of the people and that not having sufficient arms and ammunition, the Filipino, troops would be a terrible disadvantage. Consequently, he wrote Otis on January 9 notifying him of the appointment of Florentino Torres, Ambrosio Flores, and Manue. • Arguelles to meet with the same number of American commissioners. • The purpose of the meeting of the commissioners was to work out a plan for the "adjustment of the conflicting political interests" of both parties. On the same day, Otis appointed General R. P. Hughes, Colonel James F. Smith, and Lieutenant-Colonel E. H. Crowder 10 meet with the Filipino commission. The conference began on January 9 and continued intermittently up to January 29. All through the series of conferences, the American panel tried to fool the Filipino panel into believing that they (the Americans) were ready to hear and to consider Filipino aspirations. In reality, however, they wanted the conference to continue indefinitely pending the arrival of American reinforcements from the United States. The situation, therefore, was this: since the American volunteers in Manila were not enough to
• 10.
  The San JuanBridge Incident
• 11.
  • Incident-Incident followedincident which inevitably led to the outbreak of hostilities. On February 1, a group of American engineers was arrested by the Filipino troops. The following day, Otis filed a protest with Aguinaldo. The latter replied that the five Americans were not arrested but merely detained. Aguinaldo further pointed out that the Americans were found well within the Filipino lines and that they were detained in accordance with the decree of October 10, 1898 prohibiting foreigners from approaching the Filipino defensive works. • On the same day, February 2, General Arthur MacArthur. protested the presence of Colonel Luciano San Miguel's soldiers within his territory. San Miguel, wanting to avoid any conflict with the Americans, ordered his men to withdraw from the American side. • The tension seemed to have been relaxed a little when on the night of February 4, an incident occurred which led to the outbreak of the Filipino-American hostilities. • At about eight in the evening of February 4, Private Willie W. • Grayson, with two other members of his patrol, advanced ahead of the village in San Juan to ascertain whether there were Filipino • soldiers in the vicinity. Suddenly, four armed men appeared before Grayson. He said later, recounting the event:
• 12.
  The language barrieramong Americans and Filipinos • I yelled "Halt!"..the man moved. I challenged with another • "Halt!" Then he immediately shouted "Halto!" to me. Well I thought the best thing to do was to shoot him. He dropped......We retreated to where our six other fellows were and I said, "Line up fellows; the enemies are in here all through these yards." We then retreated to the pipe line and got behind the water work main and stayed there. all night. It was some minutes after our second shots before Filipinos began firing. • The following day, MacArthur, without attempting to find out the cause of the firing, issued his order to advance against the Filipino troops. The Filipino-American armed clash was on.
• 14.
  American Victories
• 15.
  Victories-With swift strokes,the American army knifed through Pasig and other towns south of Manila. In the north, General MacArthur pushed ahead with his columns, bombarding the Filipino positions with accuracy. In the battle of La Loma, near the Chinese cemetery, Major Jose Torres Bugallon, one of the bravest officers, fell mortally wounded. With La Loma secure in his hands, MacArthur proceeded towards Kalookan, where General Antonio Luna was waiting for him. In the fierce battle that followed, American superiority in arms once more proved victorious. Undaunted by his defeat, Luna prepared a plan for the recapture of Manila. On February 22, he marched against the city, burning the houses in the suburbs to create confusion in the ranks of the enemy. Two days later, Luna's forces reached Azcarraga, but the Americans fought back and repulsed him with heavy losses. Luna then retreated to Polo where he established his headquarters.
• 16.
  The Drive tothe North-In • North-In late February and early March, American reinforcements arrived from the United States, General Otis then began his intensive drive to the north and ordered General Henry • W. Lawton to take the offensive in the south. Polo was taken, followed by the town along the Manila-Dagupan Railway, until on March 30, the American army was knocking at the gates of Malolos. Meanwhile, the Aguinaldo government had evacuated Malolos and established its headquarters in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. • MacArthur wanted to pursue Aguinaldo, but Otis ordered him to take a rest in Malolos. Meantime, General Lawton moved swiftly to the south, capturing Zapote, Bacoor, and Dasmariñas, all in Cavite. • On the other hand, General Wheaton, aided by gunboats, successively captured Las Piñas and Parañaque, in Morong, and Santa Cruz, Paete, and other towns of Laguna. But the Americans were not always victorious. On March 25, Filipino made a good account of themselves When they repulsed General Wheaton at Polo and killed Colonel Egbert. • In Quingua (Plaridel), on April 23, the American cavalry under Major Bell suffered a defeat in the hands of General Gregorio del Pilar.
• 18.
  • In thisbattle, the Americans suffered heavy casualties, including • Colonel Storsenberg who was killed in battle, On December 18, 1899, the Filipinos under General Licerio Geronimo routed the Americans under General Lawton, who was killed in the battle of San Mateo. But these Filipino victories, however, were not sufficient to turn the tide against the Americans. The Filipino troops were poorly trained, poorly armed, poorly fed, and had no discipline. • After resting his men in Malolos, MacArthur now decided to march against Kalumpit. The Filipinos, under General Luna, were in a good position to give battle to the enemy, for the Americans had to cross creeks and rivers to dislodge the Filipino defenders. Important to the Filipinos was the Bagbag River which afforded them good protection against the enemy. MacArthur decided to encircle the Filipino defenders of Kalumpit by sending his subordinate officers to Quingua and Pulilan, while he confronted Luna directly. At the precise moment when the enemy was about to launch his attack, General Luna, irked by the insubordination of General Tomas Mascardo, left Kalumpit with his artillery, cavalry, and foot soldiers to punish Mascardo who was then in Pampanga. General Gregorio del Pilar was left to defend the Filipino lines, but American superiority in strategy and arms proved too much for the "boy general" When Luna returned to Kalumpit before nightfall, the Americans had already succeeded in penetrating the Filipino defensive lines. Thus, the battle of Bagbag was lost and with it the other battles that followed.
• 19.
  The Fall ofMabini
• 20.
  • as Presidentof the Cabinet, was the most powerful man behind Aguinaldo. When the United States, through the Schurman Commission, announced the policy of the American Government of extending its sovereignty over the Philippines, Mabini urged the Filipinos to continue the bitter struggle for independence. In a manifesto dated at San Isidro, April 15, 1899, he said: • And since war is the last resource that is left to us for the salvation of our country and our own national honor, let us fight while a grain of strength is left us; let us acquit ourselves like men, even though the lot of the present generation is conflict and sacrifice. It matters not whether we die in the midst or at the end of our most painful day's work; the generations to come, praying over our tombs, will shed for us tears of love and gratitude, and not of bitter reproach.
• 21.
  On May 5,Secretary of State John Hay cabled the Schurman Commission authorizing it to offer autonomy to the Filipinos. Mabini stodd for independence under the protection of the United States, but the prominent members of the Malolos Government, like Paterno and Buencamino, wavered and wanted to accept the American offer of autonomy. Believing more in autonomy than in independence under the circumstances, the influential members of the Filipino Assembly (formerly Congress) passed a resolution asking Aguinaldo to repudiate Mabini's independence stand and to relieve him as President of the Cabinet. Under this pressure, Aguinaldo, on May 7, 1899, Wrote Mabini notifying him of the formation of a new Cabinet under Paterno. The following day, Mabini answered Aguinaldo congratulating him on his "wise political measure." With Mabini's resignation, the executive arm of the government was reorganized. Seven departments wore created: foreign affairs, treasury, interior, war and navy, communications and public works, public instruction, and agriculture, industry and commerce. The new Cabinet under Paterno was composed of:
• 23.
  Pedro Paterno
• 24.
  McKinley's "Benevolent Assimilation" Proclamation-Before Beforethe conclusion of the Treaty of Paris, President McKinley pretended not to know what to with the Philippines. - Actually, there were American vested interest who pressured him into taking the Philippines from Spain: The American economic interest who were thinking of expanding American business in the Orient; the naval and military interests who wanted the Philippine the first line of American defense; and the religious interest who wanted the Philippines as a base of operations for American Protestant missionaries.
• 25.
  -With the Treatyif Paris conclude to the satisfaction of the American vested interest, McKinley issued his so-called “Benevolent Assimilation” Proclamation on December 21, 1898. This so-called proclamation was the first official indication of American policy regarding the Philippines. It expressly indicated the intention of the United States to stay in the Philippines by exercising the right of sovereignty over the Filipinos. In other words, the United Sates would assume control and disposition of the government of the Philippines.
• 26.
  • William McKinley(January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was an American politician who served as the 25th President of the United States from 1897 until his assassination in 1901. A member of the Republican Party, he led a realignment that made Republicans largely dominant in the industrial states and nation wide for decades. He presided over victory in the Spanish– American War of 1898; gained control of Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Cuba; restored prosperity after a deep depression; rejected the inflationary monetary policy of free silver, keeping the nation on the gold standard; and raised protective tariffs.
• 27.
  William McKinley
• 28.
  ASSASSINATION OF LUNA •Of all the Filipino soldiers of the period Atonio Luna was the best prepared to fight the American enemy. • He was educated in Europe and studied a little military science and tactics. But nature endowed him with an unruly temper that made men fear and hate him. • In several instances during hostilities, Luna showed his terrible temper. He ordered those houses occupied by the American be burned. At another time, he ordered the shooting of civilians who violated military rules.
• 29.
  • He slappedFelipe Buencamino, Sr. and accused his son, Joaquin, of cowardice. Even Mabini, peaceful man that he was, complained against Luna and even suggested to Aguinaldo that the tempestuous general be replaced. • Early in June1899 – when Luna was at Bayambang, Pangasinan, preparing the defenses for the expected battle with enemy, he received a telegram asking a him t see Aguinaldo at his headquarters in Kabanatuan.
• 30.
  AMERICAN CONQUEST OFTHE VISAYAS - Meanwhile, Otis instructed General Miller to attack Iloilo. Miller demanded of the city, but the Filipino patriots, headed by General Martin Delgado, refused and instead decided to fight. - On February 20, Jaro fell into the hands of the American; Sta. Barbara fell on the 14th, Oton on the 19th and Mandurriao on 20th.
• 31.
  - Miller sentand American warship to Cebu to demand its surrender, On February 22, Cebu surrendered to American, and Lt. Col. Thomas H. Hamer was designated military governor of the province. - The occupation in Cebu was, however , not peaceful as it seemed. The guerrilla leaders , Acardio Maxilom and Leandro Fullon’ threatened with death all those who collaborated and would collaborate with the enemy.
• 32.
  THE NEGROS CONSTITUTION -The American occupation of Negros was easy, for the Negrenses sympathized with the American and the consequently raised the American flag when Iloilo was taken. - A committee composed of prominent Negrenses arrived in Manila on February 21 to ask Otis to allow them to arm a battalion for the maintenance of peace and order in the island.
• 33.
  - March 1,Otis issued an order providing for the creation of a military district composed of Panay, Cebu, and Negros to be known as the Visayan Military District. - The so-called “Negros Constitution” was submitted to the President of the United States on July 20. Naturally, President McKinley did not take it seriously. - Nevertheless, the constitutions become the basis “ administer its civil matters” under which the “ people may enjoy the largest measure of civil compatible with prevailing conditions and which shall conform to their desire.
• 34.
  The Bates Treaty TheAmericans were very diplomatic and cheerful in dealing with the Muslims. General John C. Bates – is appointed by the Americans to negotiate a treaty with the Sultan by which the Muslims and the Americans could co exist peacefully. -NO attempt on the part of the Americans to conquer the Muslims, for they knew that they would have a big fight on their hands if they made such an attempt. • The Sultan, knowing his traditional rights and powers, claimed, that the Americans should not be allowed to occupy any point in Jolo except the town of Jolo and that the Sultan should continue to collect duties at points not occupied by the Americans.
• 35.
  August 20 -The Bates Treaty was signed in the presence of General Bates, representing the United States, and the Sultan, Raja Muda, Datu Attik, Datu Calbi, and Datu Joakanain, representing Jolo. Provided that: • "The sovereignty of the United States over the whole archipelago of Jolo and its dependencies is declared and acknowledged, • "rights and dignities of His Highness the Sultan and his datus shall be fully respected," • The Muslims “shall not be interpreted with on account of their religion,” and that no one shall be persecuted on account of his religious beliefs. • the "domestic products of the archipelago of Jolo, when carried on by the Sultan and his people within any part of the Philippines Islands, and when conducted under the American flag, shall be free, unlimited, and undutiable." The American Government agreed to pay the Sultan and his leading men monthly salaries in Mexican dollars. The Americans succeeded in neutralizing the Muslims in their drive to pacify the Christian Filipino.
• 36.
  Aguinaldo Flees tothe Mountains • With the assassination of Luna, the bulk of the Filipino troops became demoralized. Not long after the bloody incident, many army officers surrendered to the enemy, thus making it difficult for Aguinaldo to maintain his army intact. • General Otis taking advantage of the confusion in the Filipino ranks, decided to trap Aguinaldo in Angeles, Pampanga, he sent battle-seasoned troops to Lingayen Gulf to cut off Aguinaldo’s retreat and ordered MacArthur to force Aguinaldo to move north into the waiting arms of the American forces.
• 37.
  October 12- TheAmerican Offensive began. Aguinaldo was determined not to be captured and marched through valleys, fields, rivers, and hillsides day and night. He moved his capital to Tarlac  When the enemy advanced, he moved his capital to Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, and then to Bayambang Pangasinan .  With the American forces fanning out in all directions to trap him, Aguinaldo decided to flee to the north. With his wife, son, mother, sister, and some members of the Cabinet, he boarded the train on the night of November 13 bound for Calasiao Christmas Day, 1899 – Aguinaldo decided to surrender the women to the American Army after realizing the disadvantage of having women with them. And continued his march in Tierra Virgen, Cagayan. September 6, 1900- They reached Palanan, Isabela. It was a place difficult to approach, for the terrain was mountainous and all points leading to the town were guarded by Aguinaldo’s loyal men.
• 38.
  The Battle ofPasong Tirad In Aguinaldo’s flight to the north, his rear guard commander, General Gregorio del Pilar noted the advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad. Del Pilar suggested that in order to halt the Americans temporarily and give Aguinaldo, sufficient time to widen the distance between him and the pursuing enemy, he would stay behind and make a last stand at the Pass. Pasong Tirad - was 4,500 feet high and commanded a good view for miles around. The trail leading to it was so narrow that only one man a time could clamber up the hill. - Del Pilar ordered his sixty men to build trenches on both shoulders of the Pass where they could see the movement of the enemy below.
• 39.
  December 1, 1899at ten o'clock on the night - Aguinaldo received del Pilar’s report that the Americans had arrived at the town of Concepcion. In the morning of December 2 – The Americans under Major March, proceeded with his men, about 300 strong against Pasong Tirad. Through Januario Galut, a Christian Igorot, the Americans found a secret trail to the top and using it to advantage surprised del Pilar and his men. - 11:30 in the morning, the Filipino defenders were overcome by the enemy. - Del Pilar wounded in the shoulder, ordered his remaining men to escape, then he strove to escape by a narrow trail, but as he mounted his white horse, a Krag rifle rang out through the midday air and felled him with a bullet that passed through the neck. The Americans rushed headlong and captured the soldier holding the reins of del Pilar’s horse. Then they looted the dead body for souvenirs. - Del Pilar’s body was left by the roadside for two days until its odor forced some Igorots to cover it with dirt.
• 40.
  On his diary,which Major March found, del Pilar had written: The General [Aguinaldo] has given me the pick of all the men that can be spared and ordered me to defend the Pass. I realize what a terrible task has been given me. And yet I feel that this is the most glorious moment of my life. What I do is done for my beloved country. No sacrifice can be too great. The afternoon of the battle, Aguinaldo received the fatal news All the members of the Aguinaldo party, said one of the soldiers in his diary, “shed bitter tears and all wanted to fight the Americans.”
• 41.
  The Capture ofAguinaldo • Many Filipino soldiers and officers found it convenient to surrender to the enemy. At the same time, the Americans conducted an intensive campaign of propaganda to win over the Filipinos to their side. • The Americans used the members of the Filipino middle and upper classes, tired of carnage and disturbance and wanting to continue their exalted position under the American regime, appealed to the guerillas to give up their arms and live peacefully under the blessings of America. • Cayetano Arellano • Pedro A. Paterno • Felipe Buencamino • Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera • Benito Legarda • Gregorio Araneta • and others-to campaign for peaceful existence under the Americans.
• 42.
  While the Americanpeace offensives were going on, • Colonel Frederick Funston, stationed in Nueva Ecija, was planning the capture of Aguinaldo. His men had earlier accepted the surrender of Cecilio Segismundo, Aguinaldo's messenger, and had decoded some letters of Aguinaldo to his field generals. • Knowing that the road to Palanan was fraught with danger, Funston employed some Macabebes and two former officers in the Filipino army, Lazaro Segovia and Hilario Tal Placido, to help, put his plari into execution. • With the reluctant blessing of General MacArthur, Funston and his co-conspirators sailed to Palanan on the American warship Vicksburg. • Funston ordered the forging of the signature of General Urbano Lacuna, to whom Aguinaldo wrote an order to send reinforcements to Palanan, and made it appear that Lacuna was sending the needed reinforcements to Aguinaldo.
• 43.
  March 23, 1901Funston and his American companions, pretending to be captives of the Macabebes, arrived at Palanan. • Aguinaldo and his men met the Filipinos joyfully and even gave them food and shelter. Without any warning, the Macabebes turned against their countrymen, and Tal Placido grabbed Aguinaldo from behind. The firing, however, unnerved Tal Placido, who promptly fell on his stomach. Segovia began firing like a mad man, and Colonel Simeon Villa, fearing for Aguinaldo's life, shielded him from the bullets. • Aguinaldo wanted to fight back who had whipped his pistol, but Dr. Santiago Barcelona held him by the arms, saying: "My General, you owe it to our people to live and continue fighting for freedom.” • Funston and his American Soldier entered the room and arrested Aguinaldo in the name of the Unite States Government. On April 1 , Aguinaldo brought to Manila and he took his oath of allegiance to the United States. In a proclamation he issued on April 19, he appealed to all Filipinos to accept the “sovereignty of the United States”
• 44.
  Barbarous Acts War hasalways been uncivilized, and although ager its weapons have vastly improved with the advance of science, in techniques have not changed radically from those of less civilized. In almost all cases, brutality as an instrument to weaken an enemy resistance is practiced on both sides of the fence. The Filipino-American war was not an exception. The sources for a knowledge of these brutalities came from Filipino participants and eyewitnesses and from the Americans themselves who, in a moment of moral agony, and particular of American brutalities in letters to their parents and friends and in testimonies before American investigating bodies.
• 45.
  • One sucharticle appeared in Philadelphia, January 2, 1902, alleging that the American soldiers and their stooges, the Macabebe scouts, used the “water cure” almost invariably to loosen the tongues force them of the hapless Filipinos in order to reveal the movements, weapons, size, and methods of the guerrillas. The “cure” consisted in forcing a man to lie flat on his back, his mouth forced open by a stick or bayonet and, in some instances, a cartridge case. Then water, usually salty or dirty, was poured into his mouth until his stomach was distended. The water was then disgorged from the stomach by making a chair of it for the soldiers to sit on. The process was repeated until the victim shouted, “Hold, enough!” • “Rope Cure” in which a long piece of rope was wrapped around the neck and torso of the victim. A stick was placed between the coils of rope and slowly twisted to give the effect of a garrote. Sometimes, beating up a victim was resorted to until he became blue in the face. Two American officers, Lt. Alva Perkins and Capt. George Brandle, were charged with and tried for “wilfully and cruelly causing six Filipinos to be hung by the neck for a period of ten seconds, causing them to suffer bodily pains.” They were found guilty and reprimanded for their sadistic efforts.
• 46.
  • The Americansoldiers turned arsonists burning whole towns in order to force the guerrillas to the open. One such infamous case of extreme barbarity occurred in the town of Balangiga, Samar, in 1901-1902. American soldiers were attacked by Filipinos in their employ. The news of the guerrilla attack gave rise to pained cries throughout the United States and so President Theodore Roosevelt gave orders to pacify Samar. Assigned to the task was General “Jake” Smith : “I want no prisoners,” he said firmly. “I wish you to kill and burn; the more you burn and kill the better it will please me.” Forthwith he ordered that Samar be transformed into “a howling wilderness.” Orders were also issued to shoot down anybody capable of carrying arms. By “capable of carrying arms,” General Smith meant to include even boys ten years old, for the latter could carry rifles and swing bolos. In six months, Balangiga became “a howling wilderness.”
• 47.
  Another author, anAmerican, said of American brutalities: - Lieutenant Bissell Thomas of the 35th Infantry was convicted of striking prisoners, one of whom was lying on the ground and bleeding from the mouth. The officer was reprimanded and fined three hundred dollars. Just before Mr. Root took office, Robert Collins of the Associated Press was permitted to cable: “There has been, according to Otis himself and the personal knowledge of everyone here, a perfect orgy of looting and wanton destruction of property.” - Private Jones of the 11th Cavalry wrote that his troop, upon encountering a wedding party, fired into the throng, killing the bride and two men, and wounding another woman and two children. - A captain and lieutenant of the 27th Regiment were tried for hanging six Filipinos by their necks for ten seconds, “causing them to suffer great, bodily pain.” After the words were changed to “mental anguish,” the officers were found guilty and sentenced to reprimands.
• 48.
  - In Aprilthe mayors of San Miguel and San Nicolas were beaten to death by rattan rods. The episode leaked out when two officers of the American regiment reported it to the governor and to General Young. And in its July 26 issue the New York World carried the story: “…our soldiers here and there resort to horrible measures with the natives. Captains and lieutenants are sometimes judges, sheriffs and executioners…. ‘I don’t want any more prisoners sent into Manila, was the verbal order from the Governor- General three months ago. … It is now the custom to avenge the death of an American soldier by burning to the ground all the houses, and killing right and left the Natives who are only ‘suspects.”
• 49.
  Brutality, however, wasnot an American monopoly. The Filipinos, too, fighting with their back to the wall to preserve what was legitimately their own, equalled and, in some cases, exceeded the American sergeant’s penchant for blood. Said the Filipino author already mentioned: The guerrillas, In violation of Aguinaldo’s orders and circulars, treated captured Americans with barbaric cruelty. Noses and ears were lopped off and the bleeding wounds seasoned with salt. In some cases, American prisoners were buried alive. Kicking, slapping, spitting at the faces of American prisoners were common, the hatred of the Americans being such that the guerrillas forgot or conveniently forgot Aguinaldo’s injunctions regarding the good treatment to be accorded the prisoners.
• 50.
  End of theResistance Though thousands of Filipino soldiers surrendered as a result of the American peace propaganda and their brutal treatment of captured guerrillas, some military commanders refused to lay down their arms.  General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of the Filipino Government or what remained of it and harassed the Americans by his guerrilla tactics.  In Samar, General Vicente Lukban resorted to ambushing American soldiers and withdrawing after killing and wounding them. Angered at this tactic, General Jacob Smith ordered the massacre of all men and children below ten years, with the result that the province became a “howling wilderness.”
• 51.
  - The relentlesscampaign of the Americans led to the capture of Lukban on February 27, 1902. With his capture the resistance in Samar collapsed. -Two months later, on April 16, General Malvar of Batangas surrendered to the enemy. The resistance movement now completely collapsed.  Some patriotic Filipinos, led by Macario Sakay, continued the resistance and even established a Tagalog “Republic” with headquarters in the Sierra Madre near Manila, but his resistance was not serious enough to endanger the American rule. The capture of Aguinaldo ended an era and, at the same time, opened another. Behind him, Aguinaldo left the ashes of a past that became embedded in the memory as the fanatical struggle of an enslaved people to win freedom and independence through blood and tears.
• 52.
  Balangiga Massacre Partof thePhilippine–AmericanWar Members of Company C, 9th US Infantry Regiment posing with Mayor Valeriano Abanador and another town official
• 55.
  Balangiga Massacre • TheBalangiga massacre was a surprise attack by Filipino residents on a U.S. occupying unit during the Philippine- American War, resulting in the deaths of 54 American soldiers. It occurred in Balangiga, Samar, Philippines, in 1901. The incident is alternatively referred to as the Balangiga Encounter or Balangiga Incident. Some historians argue that the term "Balangiga Massacre" should also encompass the subsequent American retaliation known as the March across Samar, which resulted in the deaths of approximately 2,000 Filipino civilians and the destruction of over 200 homes.