Plant Anatomy An Overview

Plant Anatomy An Overview

• 1.
  Plant Anatomy: AnOverview Simpson, MG (2006). Plant Systematics Eames and McDaniels (1953). Introduction to Plant Anatomy
• 2.
  Introduction Definition Plantanatomy –the study of the internal structure of various parts of the plant Applications of plant anatomy Taxonomic application e.g. problem plants Proper authentication of crude drug material For safety and quality to be maintained Morphology and anatomy of drug source is published in British and English pharmacopoeias
• 3.
  Introduction Applications ofplant anatomy Avoids food adulterants and contaminants Sambong (Blumea balsamifera L) Mango (Mangifera indica L)
• 4.
  FORENSIC APPLICATIONS Forensicbotany refers to the use of plant materials to help solve crimes or resolve other legal problems.  The first botanical testimony to be heard in a North American court concerned the analysis of the wood grain of the ladder used in the kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh Jr., and led to the conviction of Bruno Hauptmann for the crime in 1935. Xylotomist Arthur Koehler of the United States Forest Service undertook a meticulous examination of the ladder and when the case finally came to trial four years later, offered the first botanical testimony ever to be heard and accepted in American courts.
• 5.
   
• 6.
   
• 7.
   
• 8.
   
• 9.
  The five-kingdom systemprevailed in biology for over 20 years. LIVING ORGANISMS Prokaryotes Kingdom Monera Eukaryotes Unicell/simple multicellular organisms Kingdom Protista Multicellular organisms Autotroph Kingdom Plantae Heterotroph Saprophytes Kingdom Fungi Ingestion of other organisms Kingdom Animalia
• 10.
  LIVING ORGANISMS Duringthe last three decades, systematists applying cladistic analysis, including the construction of cladograms based on molecular data, have been identifying problems with the five-kingdom system.
• 11.
   
• 12.
   
• 13.
  The Land Plants=Embryophyta (embryophytes) The first colonization of plants on land during the Silurian period, ca. 400 million years ago. Land Plants now dominate the earth.
• 14.
   
• 15.
   
• 16.
   
• 17.
   
• 18.
   
• 19.
   
• 20.
   
• 21.
  Marchantia (liverwort)Mnium (moss) antheridium antheridium sperm cells
• 22.
   
• 23.
  Marchantia (liverwort)archegonium egg cell neck
• 24.
  “ Bryophytes” LiverwortsHornworts Mosses
• 25.
   
• 26.
   
• 27.
  Vascular plants/ Tracheophytes- Xylem tissue, true roots, stems & leaves. Fern and allies/ cryptogams: Spores but no seeds Division Psilophyta ( Psilotum or whisk fern) Division Lycophyta (club mosses) Division Sphenophyta (horsetails). Division Pterophyta (ferns). Spermatophytes/ phanerogams: Seed Plants Gymnosperms--Naked Seeds 5. Division Cycadophyta (cycads) 6. Division Ginkgophyta (maidenhair tree). 7. Division Gnetophyta (mormon tea & Welwitschia). 8. Division Coniferophyta (conifers) Angiosperms--Seeds Enclosed In A Fruit 9. Division Anthophyta (flowering plants)
• 28.
   
• 29.
  Selaginella Lycopodiella cernuaEquisetum Psilotum
• 30.
  GENERAL STRUCTURE OFHIGHER PLANTS
• 31.
  Shoot systemleaf blade axillary bud petiole node vascular tissue vascular tissue shoot apical meristem terminal bud internode vascular tissue root tip Lateral roots root cap root apical meristem Root system dermal tissue ground tissue vascular tissue
• 32.
   
• 33.
  Stelar types eusteleatactostele
• 34.
  Pericycle
• 35.
   
• 36.
  Plant Tissues &Cell Types Tissue : = group of cells with common function or structure. Three broad tissue types : 1) Dermal - outside layer(s) 2) Vascular - conduction 3) Ground - between dermal and vascular Simple vs. Complex Tissue : 1 versus 2 or more cell types
• 37.
  Ground Tissue Parenchyma:Gen. metabol. 1) Isodiametric to elongate 2) Primary cell wall 3) Living Collenchyma: support 1) Elongate 2) Primary cell wall thick, uneven, rich in pectins 3) Living
• 38.
  Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary) 2) Dead at maturity (usually) Fibers Elongate, sharply tapering
• 39.
  Ground Tissue Sclerenchyma1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary) 2) Dead at maturity (usually) Sclereids Isodiametric to irregular
• 40.
  3 recognized vegetativeorgans ROOT STEM LEAF - Distinguished by the relative distribution of the vascular and ground tissues
• 41.
  ROOT vs Stem
• 42.
  ROOTS vs STEM
• 43.
  Leaves Vascular Bundlesof similar dimensions. have a large central Vascular Bundle called a Midrib
• 44.
   
• 45.
  DEVELOPMENT OF THEPLANT BODY
• 46.
   
• 47.
   
• 48.
  Carpels and stamensContain the sporangia Sporangium Contains the spores Chambers where male and female gametophytes develop Male gametophyte Sperm-containing pollen grain Female gametophyte Egg-containing structures called embryo sacs Embryo sac develop within the ovules
• 49.
   
• 50.
  Development of malegametophyte (Pollen) Development of female gametophyte (Embryo sac) Pollination
• 51.
   
• 52.
   
• 53.
  integument funiculus micropyle
• 54.
  POLLINATION
• 55.
   
• 56.
  Embryogenesis
• 57.
  Transversie and Asymmetricdivision ---Establishment of polarity Terminal cell– embryo Balsal– suspensor 2. Organizaation of Tissue system
• 58.
  During the earlystages of embryogenesis, cell division takes place throughout the young sporophyte. As the embryo develops, however, the addition of new cells gradually becomes restricted to opposite ends of the axis, the apical meristems of future root and shoot
• 59.
  Seed Germination SeedDormancy