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Evolution of plants and non vascular

1. The document discusses the evolution of plants from algae to land plants. It describes key events in plant evolution including the development of cells, chloroplasts, and alternation of generations with separate haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte phases. 2. Details are provided on the structure and reproduction of major plant groups including bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses). Liverworts and mosses are described as having both haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations. 3. Diagrams illustrate the life cycles and reproductive structures of bryophytes and how they differ from vascular land plants in their alternation of generations and lack

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9/4/2013 1 REVIEW 1 2 3 4 5 A 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 1 1 1 Outgroup 0 0 0 0 0 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS OBICO JJA, Instructor Department of Biology
9/4/2013 2 cell wall Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae - Alismatales) chloroplasts thylakoids granum amyloplasts (starch grains): alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside stroma chloroplast: chlorophyll a & b grana starch HAPLOID (n) Multicelled Stage (Adult) Egg (n) Sperm (n) Spores (n) mitosis HAPLONTIC Oogamy HAPLOID (n) Multicelled Stage (Adult) Gamete (n) Spores (n) mitosis HAPLONTIC Isogamy Gamete (n) Zygote (2n) fertilizationmeiosis Zygote (2n) fertilizationmeiosis A B
9/4/2013 3 Charales - oogamy oogonium Coleochaete Nitella Chara plasmodesmata middle lamella CELL #1 CELL #2 plasma membrane cell wall: cellulosic plasmodesmata (in some Green Plants) cellulosic cell wall middle lamellamembrane The Land Plants =Embryophyta (embryophytes) The first colonization of plants on land during the Silurian period ca 400 million years agoSilurian period, ca. 400 million years ago. Land Plants now dominate the earth.
9/4/2013 4 Two possible hypotheses: GAMETOPHYTE (n) Egg (n) Sperm (n) HAPLODIPLONTIC ("Alternation of Generations") Spores (n) lost by reduction and modification in the Angiosperms and some Gnetales Archegonium (n) Antheridium (n) meiosis mitosis } (Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers, Gnetales, and Angiosperms) Sporocyte (2n) produce (n) (n) Zygote (2n) SPOROPHYTE (2n) Embryo (2n) Sporangium (2n) fertilization mitosismitosis
9/4/2013 5
9/4/2013 6 antheridiu m antheridiu m Marchantia (liverwort) Mnium (moss) sperm cells egg cell Marchantia (liverwort) archegonium neck “Bryophytes” paraphyletic
9/4/2013 7 Liverworts Hornworts Mosses “Bryophytes” Liverworts - Hepaticae Two basic forms: -thalloid -leafy Asterella sp. 1
9/4/2013 8 Asterella sp. 2 Bazannia a leafy liverwort Conocephalum sp. Fossombronia sp.
9/4/2013 9 pore pore gemmae Marchantia gemma cup Marchantia sporophyte spores elaters stomate
9/4/2013 10 Hornworts (Anthocerotae) Hornworts
9/4/2013 11 Mosses (Musci) calyptra operculum peristome tooth mature capsule (sporangium) spores sporophyte (2n) antheridia germinating spore protonema operculum peristome teeth gametophyte (n) archegonia costa embryo (2n) archegonial neck GAMETOPHYTE (n) Egg (n) Sperm (n) HAPLODIPLONTIC ("Alternation of Generations") Spores (n) lost by reduction and modification in the Angiosperms and some Gnetales Archegonium (n) Antheridium (n) meiosis mitosis } (Sperm non-flagellate in Conifers, Gnetales, and Angiosperms) Sporocyte (2n) produce (n) (n) Zygote (2n) SPOROPHYTE (2n) Embryo (2n) Sporangium (2n) fertilization mitosismitosis
9/4/2013 12 sporophyte (2n) antheridia costaarchegonial neck gametophyte archegonia embryo (2n) calyptra operculum peristome tooth mature capsule (sporangium) spores sporophyte (2n) antheridia germinating spore protonema operculum peristome teeth costa embryo archegonial neck spore (n) protonema spore (n)
9/4/2013 13 spore (n) protonema spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n) spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n) archegonium antheridium spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n) fertilization archegonium antheridiumsporophyte (2n)
9/4/2013 14 meiosis spore (n) protonema gametophyte (n) fertilization archegonium antheridiumsporophyte (2n) Sphagnum Peat Moss Sphagnum Peat Moss