Vascular plant organs

Vascular plant organs

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  VASCULAR PLANT ORGANS JJAOBICO Instructor, Dept. of Biology CAS UP M ilCAS, UP Manila
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  MERISTEMS
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  Apical Meristemp • ShootApical Meristem Root Apical Meristem• Root Apical Meristem
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  Primary Growthy • Increasein length of roots and shoots Caused by APICAL MERISTEMS• Caused by APICAL MERISTEMS • Outcome: PRIMARY PLANT BODY APICAL MERISTEMS • Give rise to primary meristems• Give rise to primary meristems
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  Primary meristemsy • Producestissues of the primary plant body Consists of:Consists of: 1. Protoderm Primary dermal tissue/ epidermisPrimary dermal tissue/ epidermis 2. Procambium Primary vascular tissuePrimary vascular tissue 3. Ground meristem Ground tissue
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  Primary meristems PrimarytissuesPrimary meristems Primary tissues Protoderm Dermal Tissue (Epidermis) Apical Meristem Ground meristem Ground Tissue (parenchyma, ll hcollenchyma, sclerenchyma) Vascular Tissue Procambium Vascular Tissue (Primary Xylem and Phloem)
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  Lateral Meristems • akasecondary meristems Causes thickening of the stems and roots• Causes thickening of the stems and roots ▫ SECONDARY GROWTH Common in eudicots and gymnospermsCommon in eudicots and gymnosperms Rare in monocots • Single-cell layers of meristematic cells that usually form cylinders running lengthwise along t ta stem or root
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  L l iLateralmeristem • Vascular cambium C k bi• Cork cambium
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  - Primary Growth
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  leafleaf bladeblade axillary budaxillary bud shootapical meristemshoot apical meristem terminal budterminal bud Sh tSh t bladeblade petiolepetiole nodenode vascular tissuevascular tissue ShootShoot systemsystem vascular tissuevascular tissue internodeinternode vascular tissuevascular tissue root hairroot hair RootRoot systemsystem dermal tissuedermal tissue root tiproot tiproot caproot cap root apical meristemroot apical meristem dermal tissuedermal tissue ground tissueground tissue vascular tissuevascular tissue
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  ROOT • Anchors theplant • Absorbs water and• Absorbs water and minerals • Root hairs
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  Patterns of rootgrowthg • Taproot system ▫ Most eudicots gymnosperms▫ Most eudicots, gymnosperms • Fibrous root systemFibrous root system ▫ Seedless vascular plants, monocots ▫ Adventitious roots ▫ More shallow and horizontal ▫ Common in dry regions
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  • Zone ofcell division ▫ Root apical meristem and primary meristemsRoot apical meristem and primary meristems • Zone of elongation ▫ Derivatives stop dividing and begin to grow in length • Zone of maturation ▫ Cells begin specializing in structure and function▫ Cells begin specializing in structure and function into different cells types, epidermal cells and conducting cells R h i▫ Root hairs
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  External Structures • Rootcap ▫ Protects the apical meristem▫ Protects the apical meristem ▫ Helps the root penetrate the soil ▫ Secretes mucigel- slimy polysaccharide forSecretes mucigel slimy polysaccharide for lubrication • Root hairs ▫ Zone of maturation ▫ Where most of absorption of water and mineral occurs
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  Tissues of theroot • Epidermis Cortex• Cortex • Endodermis • Stele• Stele ▫ Pericycle ▫ Vascular TissuesVascular Tissues ▫ Pith*
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  uncutinized epidermis Root hair Lateralroot phloemp o pericycle Endodermis - with Casparian strip pericycle xylem Cortex- parenchymap y
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  Casparian strip Composed ofsuberin-Composed of suberin
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  Thick cortex Exarch- protoxylemdevpt. Tetrarch Protostele
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  • Aerial roots– epiphytes Buttress roots flared roots extending from tree• Buttress roots – flared roots extending from tree trunks • Contractile roots• Contractile roots • Suckers- asexual reproduction • PneumatophoresPneumatophores • Mycorrhiza- absorption of P ▫ Endomycorrhizay ▫ Ectomycorrhiza
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  axilTerminal bud STEM node Axillary bud •Supports leaves or reproductive structures internode reproductive structures • Conduct water, minerals and organic molecules
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  Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium
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  Meristematic regionMeristematic region EnlargementregionEnlargement region ProtodermProtoderm epidermisepidermis cortexcortex Ground meristemGround meristem cortexcortex pithpith ProcambiumProcambium phloemphloem vascular cambiumvascular cambium ProcambiumProcambium xylemxylem
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  Tissues of thestem • Epidermis ▫ Cuticle▫ Cuticle ▫ Trichomes • CortexCortex • Vascular Tissues • Pith*Pith
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  epidermisepidermis cortexcortex pith raypith ray pithpith primaryphloemprimary phloem fascicularfascicular cambiumcambium i li lprimary xylemprimary xylem Vascular bundleVascular bundle SIPHONOSTELE
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  M t dE di t tMonocot and Eudicot stem
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  bundle sheathbundle sheath phloemphloem companioncellcompanion cell sieve tubesieve tube pitted vesselpitted vessel Cross section of a monocot stCross section of a monocot st xylemxylem pitted vesselpitted vessel annular vesselannular vessel air spaceair space vascular bundlvascular bundl
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  epidermis tcortex vascular bundle pith
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  Young herbaceous dicotstemYoung herbaceous dicot stemYoung herbaceous dicot stemYoung herbaceous dicot stem d hd hd hd hendarchendarchendarchendarch
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  Vascular bundle ofa dicot stemVascular bundle of a dicot stem phloemphloemphloemphloem Vascular bundle of a dicot stemVascular bundle of a dicot stem vascular cambiumvascular cambium phloemphloemphloemphloem interfascicular cambiuminterfascicular cambiuminterfascicular cambiuminterfascicular cambium fascicular cambiumfascicular cambium xylemxylem
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  Comparison between ROOTand Stem ROOT STEM • Protostele • Siphonostele• Protostele • Wider cortex • Uncutinized epidermis Lack nodes • Siphonostele • Thinner Cortex • Cutinized epidermis With nodes• Lack nodes • With nodes
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  cladode ModifiedModifiedModifiedModified stemsstems
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  Modified stems: vegetativereproductionModified stems: vegetative reproduction stoloniferousstoloniferous rhizomatousrhizomatous
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  CormsBulbs Tubers
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  Rhizomes Stolon/Runners
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  LEAF • Main photosynthetic organof the plantorgan of the plant • Flat • Transpiration
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  Leaf buttress
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  reticulate venation V PVPVenation PatternsVenation Patterns parallel venation
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  Phyllotaxy Leaf shapeLeaf shape andandandand arrangementsarrangements havehave LeafType havehave environmentalenvironmental significancesignificancesignificancesignificance
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  Tissues of theleafTissues of the leaf • Epidermis ▫ Two surfacesTwo surfaces Upper- Adaxial Lower- Abaxial ▫ With cuticleW t cut c e ▫ Stomata ▫ Trichomes • Mesophyll ▫ Ground tissue PalisadePalisade Spongy ▫ Vascular Tissue Vein
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  epidermis In most plantsthe epidermis is single layered.In most plants the epidermis is single layered. epidermisepidermis Others, as in rubber tree plant, have multiple layersOthers, as in rubber tree plant, have multiple layers allowing them to occupy varied selective habitatsallowing them to occupy varied selective habitats
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  subsidiary cellssubsidiary cellsgrass-type stoma dumbell shape guardguard cellscells K+K+K+K+KK++ K+K+ HH22OOHH22OOHH22OO HH22OO
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  CC ti thh th idti th h th idCrossCross--section through the midsection through the mid
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  upper epidermisupper epidermisxylemxylem collenchymacollenchyma phloemphloem lower epidermislower epidermis phloemphloem hh collenchymacollenchyma parenchymaparenchyma
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  Cross section ofa leafCross section of a leaf cutting through a veincutting through a vein cuticle stoma adaxial epidermis palisade mesophyllp p y spongy mesophyll vein p gy p y abaxial epidermis air spaces abaxial epidermis stoma
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  LLLeaf modificationLeaf modificationinsectivorousplainsectivorous pla
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  Venus flytrapVenus flytrap
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  Nepenthes sp.Nepenthes sp.SarraceniaSarracenia sp.sp.
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  BRACTBRACT Succulent
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  Leaves as homesLeavesas homes for antsfor ants leaf tendril forleaf tendril for supportsupport leaf tendril for climbing leaf tipsleaf tips for protectionfor protectionf pf p
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  The largest leafis observed in the genus VictoriaVictoriain the genus VictoriaVictoria