The kinds of Quantitative Research presentation

KINDS OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
| E N G R . G A R C I A , J . M . S . |

KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Quantitative research is a broad
spectrum that it can be classified into
smaller and more specific kinds:
descriptive, correlational, ex post
facto, quasi-experimental, and
experimental.

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
It is used to describe a particular
phenomenon by observing it as it
occurs in nature. There is no
experimental manipulation, and the
researcher does not start with a
hypothesis.

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
•The goal of descriptive research is only to
describe the person or object of the study.
•It is often used a pre-cursor to
quantitative research designs, the
general overview giving some valuable
pointers as to what variables are worth
testing quantitatively

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically
describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can
answer what, where, when and how questions, but
not why questions.
According to McCombes (2019), a descriptive research
design can use a wide variety of research methods to
investigate one or more variables. Unlike in experimental
research, the researcher does not control or manipulate
any of the variables, but only observes and measures
them.

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Disadvantages:
1. There is no way to statistically analyze the result.
2. Regarded as “UNRELIABLE” and “UNSCIENTIFIC”.
3. Results of observational studies are not
repeatable.
4. There can be no replication or reviewing of
results.

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Descriptive research can only be
conducted via SURVEY and
OBSERVATION, . As a researcher,
you can only observe and collect
valid & reliable responses and
analyze them.

DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY METHOD
Survey design method enables
gathering vast data from a
heterogeneous audience. The survey
design helps to analyze the
frequencies and identify patterns in
the survey responses.

Descriptive survey designs are used for the
following purpose in market research:
1. Understanding the demographic of a market
or population (country-wise or region-wise)
2. Examining audiences’ opinion on certain issue
3. Gauging customer satisfaction with the
company offering and customer support

Organizations use surveys as a research method for various
purposes.
Social research: investigating different social groups about their
experience.
Market research: gathering customer opinions about a brand’s
product, services, and the brand itself.
Health research: to gather patients’ data about treatments and
systems and also patients’ opinions about healthcare services.
Politics: gauging public opinion about any policy or a political group.
Psychology: gathering people’s preferences, behavior, and
personality traits.

OBSERVATIONAL DESCRIPTIVE
METHOD
Observational research aims to observe and
gauge people without disrupting their
natural behavior. Observing a physical
phenomenon helps to describe the
physical phenomena before any
hypothesis is developed.

OBSERVATIONAL DESCRIPTIVE
METHOD
COVERT Observation – occurs when a
researcher goes undercover to immerse
themselves into the community they are
studying. Participants do not know that their
behaviors and actions are being studied
OVERT Observation – participants know they
are being watched and monitored.

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN |
Sample Questions
-What are the most important
factors that influence the career
choice of SHS students?
-What do customers at a
particular business think of
customer service?

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
“Descriptive Research cannot
describe what caused a
situation, it can’t be used for
causal relationship, where one
variable affects the other.”

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN |
Characteristics
-Describes a particular phenomenon and
get the general overview of it.
-Aims to generalize the result.
-Works with large sample size.
-Normally collects quantitative data
(numbers, statistics).
-Variables are uncontrolled.

WHEN TO USE A
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN?

WHEN TO USE A
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN?
• Descriptive research is an appropriate choice
when the research aim is to identify
characteristics, frequencies, trends, and
categories.
• It is useful when not much is known yet about
the topic or problem. Before you can research
why something happens, you need to
understand how, when and where it happens.

EXAMPLES OF TOPICS
FOR DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCHES
•Academic Challenges of Grade 12
HUMSS working students in Muñoz
National High School-Main (SHS)
•Leadership Capacities of Student
Government Officers as Perceived by
Students.

Sample Research:
“Analyzing the Impact of the
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program”
Research Design
The researchers used quantitative methods in this study through
descriptive approach. As cited by Babbie (2010), quantitative
methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through
polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing
statistical data using computational techniques. Quantitative
research focuses on gathering numerical and statistical data and
generalizing such data thereafter across groups of people or to
explain a particular phenomenon.

EXAMPLES OF TOPICS
FOR DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCHES
•Level of Awareness and Preparedness of
Muñozanians in the Implementations of
Disaster Risk Management (DRRM)
Program
•Level of Reading Comprehension Skills of
Grade 12 Pupils at Science City of Munoz
Senior High School

CORRELATIONAL DESIGN
Identifies the relationship between variables.
Data is collected by observation since it does
not consider the cause and effect, for example,
the relationship between the amount of
physical activity done and student academic
achievement.
Variables are identified and studied as they occur
in natural setting.

•Correlational research studies go beyond
describing what exists and are concerned
with systematically investigating relationship
between two or more variables of interest.
•The data, relationships and distributions of
variables are studied only and are not
manipulated.

Advantages
1. Exploring relationships
2. Ease of implementation
3. Ethical considerations
4. Foundation for further research
5. Efficiency
6. Flexibility
7. Identifying potential predictors

Disadvantages
1. No causal Inference
2. Third-Variable Problem
3. Directionality Problem
4. Lack of control
5. Limited Scope
6. Potential for Misinterpretation

Correlational Design Research
Sample Topics
1.The relationship between self-
esteem and intelligence.
2.The relationship between the types
of activities used in Math classrooms
and student achievement.
3.The relationship between weight and
anxiety.

Correlational Design Research
Sample Questions
1.What is the relationship between
study time and exam scores
among Senior High School
students?
2.What is the relationship between
high grades and having a tutor.

Correlational Design Research Sample
Title: Students’ Career Choice in TVL Track And
Educational Engagement
Research Design
The study used a descriptive-correlational research design. The research findings are
described based on data gathered and analyzed. The findings are tested to
determine the factorial variables affecting the career preferences of senior high
school students in Bagbag National High School. It analyzes the situation as it occurs
in its current state. It aims to identify characteristics, frequencies, and correlations
and also, to describe a population, condition, or phenomenon (McCombes, 2019)
precisely and systematically. The researcher used this type of research to describe
the students' educational engagement and career preference. Additionally,
correlational research design “measures a relationship between two variables
without the researcher controlling either of them.” It intends to determine whether
there is either a positive correlation, a negative correlation, or zero correlation
(McCombes, 2020). Meanwhile, its primary purpose is to recognize systematic
relationships among variables. It involves measuring two or more relevant variables
and assessing their relationship to other variables (Gravetter & Forzano, 2019).
Despite its many uses, prudence is req

EX POST FACTO DESIGN
is used to investigate a possible
relationship between previous events and
present conditions. Just like the first two,
there is no experimental manipulation in
this design. An example of this is “How
does the parent’s academic achievement
affect the children obesity?

also known as "after-the-fact" research, is defined as a
research method that looks into how an independent
variable (groups with certain qualities that already exist prior
to a study) affects a dependent variable. This entails
particular characteristics or traits of a participant that cannot
be manipulated. Ex post facto design is considered a quasi-
experimental type of study, which means that participants are
not randomly assigned, but rather grouped together based
upon specific characteristics or traits they share.

• Researchers examine which factors appear to be connected to
particular events, states, or aspects of behavior. Ex post facto
research is a method used to identify potential causes of events
that have already occurred and cannot be anticipated or
manipulated by the investigator. It entails looking at an existing
situation or state of affairs and tracing back in time to find likely
causes.
• Ex post facto research is a design in which the investigator does not
get involved until after the event has happened. Ex post facto
research designs are the basis of much social research that does
not allow for manipulating the characteristics of human
participants.

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
It Is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of
variables. Although it resembles the experimental design, the
quasi-experimental has lesser validity due to the absence of
random selection and assignment of subjects. Here, the
independent variable is identified but not manipulated. The
researcher does not modify pre-existing groups of subjects.
The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is compared
to the group unexposed to treatment (control): example, the
effects of unemployment on attitude towards following
safety protocol in ECQ declared areas.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
like quasi- experimental is used to establish the
cause-and-effect relationship of two or more
variables. This design provides a more conclusive result
because it uses random assignment of subjects and
experimental manipulations. For example, a
comparison of the effects of various blended learning
to the reading comprehension of elementary pupils.

REFERENCES
McCombes, S. (2019). Descriptive Research | Definition,
Types, Methods & Examples. Scrbrr. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/

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