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C L GUPTA EYE INSTITUTE MORADABAD UTTER PRADESH , profile picture
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anatomy of sclera

The document provides a detailed overview of the anatomy and characteristics of the sclera, which forms a significant part of the eyeball's external tunic. It describes the sclera's layers, blood supply, nerve connections, and structural variations across different age groups and individuals. Additionally, it outlines the sclera's protective functions and its embryological origin from mesenchymal tissue.

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   Introduction Gross anatomy Layers  Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
• Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
• Anterior scleral foramen • Posterior scleral foramen • Tenon’s capsule • Duramater • sclerotic ring • Scleral spur • Lamina cribrosa
• fascial sheath of the eyeball • Also known as fascial bulbi, capsule of tenon, bulbar sheath • It’s a thin fibrous membrane envelops the eyeball from optic nerve to the limbus
• The scleral spur is an annular structure composed of collagen in the human eye, a protrusion of the sclerainto the anterior chamber. • It is the origin of the longitudinal fibres of the ciliary muscle and is attached anteriorly to the trabecular meshwork. • It is a circular ridge of sclera present on the innerside of corneoscleral junction • It is visible on gonioscopy above the ciliary body band as a white line.
• It is mesh like structure present behind the optic disc in the sclera • It allows the fibres of the optic nerve to pass through it and acts as pressure barrier between the I.O space and retrobulbar space • The pores in the lamina cribrosa are visible as lamellar dot sign in advanced glaucomatous atrophy
APERTURE • 3 sets of aperture 1. Posterior aperture- situates around Optic N. • Transmit long And short Ciliary N. & vessels 2. Middle aperture- 4 in no. • Are situated slightly posterior to the equator • 4 vertex veins passthrough this 3. Anterior aperture- situates 3-4mm away from limbus • Ant.ciliary vessels pass through this
Layersof sclera sclera episclera Scleraproper Lamina fusca thin, densevascularised layer of connective tissue fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes avascular structure dense bundles of collagen fibres. innermost blends with suprachoroidal and supraciliary laminae of the uvealtract. brownish in colour presence of pigmented cells.
1. Episcleral Tissue • thin, dense, vascularised layer of connective tissue • It covers sclera proper • Fine fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes are also present in this layer 2. Sclera proper • It is an avascular structure • Consist of bundle of collagen fibres • The bands of collagen tissue cross each other in all directions 3. Lamina fusca • Innermost • It blends of suprachoroidal &supraciliary laminae of uveal tract • It is brownish colour owing to presence of pigmented cells
-Superficial aspect of sclera -bundles of collagen circumferentially arranged - rich blood supply anteriorly -thin, dense, vascularised layer of connective tissue -It covers sclera proper -Fine fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes are also present in this layer -thickest anterior to the rectus muscle insertions and becomes progressively thinner toward the back of the eye.
Lamina fusca • Innermost • It blends of suprachoroidal &supraciliary laminae of uveal tract • It is brownish colour owing to presence of pigmented cells • grooves for the passage of ciliary vessels and nerves (emissary canals) • attached to the choroid by fine collagen fibers • Brown color due to melanocytes
Sclera proper • It is an avascular structure • Consist of bundle of collagen fibres • The bands of collagen tissue cross each other in all directions • deficiency in water-binding substances accounts for the scleral dull-white color
  Episclera- anterior and posterior ciliary arteries Scleral stroma- relatively avasculature structure
  Episcleral collecting veins Vortex veins Anterior ciliary veins
   Rich in nerve supply Anterior sclera- long posterior ciliary nerves which pierce it 2-4mm from the limbus to form a plexus Posterior sclera- short posterior ciliary nerves 
  FUNCTIONS 1. Protects intraocular components from trauma, light, and mechanical displacement 2. Withstands the considerable expansive force generated by the intraocular pressure maintaining the shape of the globe 3. Provides attachment sites for the extraocular muscles.
EMBRYOLOGY • Sclera -> derived from mesenchyme-> derived from neural crest
anatomy of sclera