Production Technology of Banana in nepal.pptx

Production Technology of Banana in nepal.pptx

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  Production Technology ofBanana
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  Banana • S.N :Musa spp • Family: Musaceae • Fruit Type: Berry • Edible part: Endocarp • Chromosome no: 2n= 22, 33, 44 (diploids, triploids and tetraploids) • Banana is a monocarpic fruit and has a height of 2- 6m. • Banana is one of the oldest fruit known to mankind and also important food for man. • Also known as ‘Apple of paradise’ and Adam’s fig
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  Botany and taxonomy •Monocotyledons herbaceous plant, around 40 leaves formed till flowering, vegetative parthenocarpic fruit development • Underground part is modified stem i.e. Rhizome, stem like part is leaves sheath • Musaceae: Enstate genus (wild, 6-7 species) • Musa genus ( Cultivated, about 50 spp) • Musa paradisiaca: Cooking type banana • M. cavendishii: Dwarf type banana • M. sapientum: tall type banana • It is believed that all the cultivated forms of bananas are developed from the two wild spp: M. acuminata and M. balbisiana
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  • In thecontext of banana varieties, "AA" and "AB" refer to the genetic makeup of the banana plants, specifically their ploidy level and genome composition. •Musa acuminata (A genome) •Musa balbisiana (B genome) •Bananas with the "AA" genome are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, both from Musa acuminata. •Bananas with the "AB" genome are also diploid, but they have one set of chromosomes from Musa acuminata (A) and one set from Musa balbisiana (B).
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  Uses • Multifaceted uses-From underground stem up to the male flower. • Table purpose, immature fruits as vegetables, clothes and bags can be prepared from banana fibres, ink can be prepared from cell sap. • Leaves are used for wrapping materials in seed bed, mulching materials, paper board and tissue Paper • Various products like banana chip, soft drink, jam, jelly, confectionary, wine.
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  • Banana leafis used as plates for serving food, leaf sheaths are used as wrapping material and dry leaves as fuel, while, tender pseudostems, leaves, underground rhizomes are used as cattle feed. • Banana fiber can be made in to attractive napkins, table mats and carry bags. • The fruits have a lot of medicinal properties and are used for treating various health disorders specially acidity, ulcer, joint pains, high blood pressure and heart diseases. • Ornamental purpose
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  Origin and distribution •The origin of banana is believed to be in the hot, tropical regions of South-East Asia, stretching from India to Papua New Guinea, Malaysia and Indonesia. • Important countries are India (1st place), Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Fizi, Honduras, Hawai, Canary Island, Philippines, Taiwan, Australia, Bangladesh, South Africa, Pakistan etc.
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  Climate and soil •Banana is mainly a tropical favouring hot and humid climates up to 2000m above mean sea level. • At higher altitudes, banana cultivation is restricted to a few varieties like “Hill banana” • Lower altitude- dwarf varieties and • Higher altitude- tall variety • (Dwarf varieties cold intolerance to cool temp as compared to tall one)
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  • The optimumtemperature for good growth and development is 20-30⁰C . • Growth stops below 18 ⁰C and above 38 ⁰C. • Chilling injury occurs at temperature below 12 ⁰C and Choke throat is usually seen when the temperature goes below 8 ⁰C. • If bunch emergence coincides with low temperature, it results in inability of inflorescence emerging through pseudostem. • Tempr above 40 ⁰C causes scorching effect with increased transpiration. • High temperature in combination with water stress cause loss in growth. • Water stagnation in poorly drained soils also leads to slow growth. • The plants collapse in extreme cases. • High wind results in uprooting and collapse of plants.
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  • Banana canbe grown in all kind of soils but ideal is well drained, deep, fertile. • Loam soil with high humus content having good drainage is the best. • The soil pH of 5.5- 6.5 is optimum but can grow well upto a pH of 7.5. • It can tolerate a low pH of 4.5 also but Panama disease becomes a problem when soil drainage is poor.
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  Varieties • Dwarf cavendish(Basrai Dwarf) and Robusta (mutant of dwarf cavendish) are widely adopted commercial bananas owing to high yield, wide market acceptability, ability to withstand wind, short duration and high economic return/ unit area. • Chinia Champa (Poovan) is another important banana grown widely due to the wide range of adaptability and tolerance to many biotic and abiotic stresses.
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  • Dwarf Cavendish(AAA): Basrai,Bhusawal, Sindhurni, Singapuri • Robusta (AAA): Bombay green and Harichal • Hill banana (AAB): unique and aroma and taste, higher price. Eg. Dhusre and Mungre • Red banana: Red skinned fruits • Local Varieties: Jhapali malbhog, Mungre, Dhusre • Plantain: Cooking type banana • Others: William hybrid, Harichal Dwarf cavendish(Basrai dwarf) Poovan( Chinia Champa)
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  Robusta Red banana Jhapali Malbhog HillBanana
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  William Hybrid Plantainbanana
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  Propagation • Propagated bysuckers, rhizomes, peppers (very young suckers), bits of suckers, tissue culture plantlets etc. • Sexual propagation is not possible due to Parthenocarpic nature of fruits. • Banana produce two types of sucker: i. Sword sucker – Suckers with a well – developed base and pointed tip having narrow sword shaped leaf blades in the early stage. ii. Water sucker or broad leaved sucker – small, undersized suckers bearing broad leaves takes longer time to give fruits (15-17 months).
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  • Sword suckers– more vigorous, grows faster, produce healthy clumps, produce less sucker, have bigger fruits and comes to bearing early (11-13 month). • Micro-propagation through tissue culture – Rapid multiplication of banana plantlets. • Pretreatment of sucker: The roots and decayed portion of the corn are trimmed.
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  Flowering in banana •Depends upon climatic condition, season of planting as well as the age. • Age is the dominant factor for flowering in banana. • In estimating the occurrence of the flowering, Shanmugavelu et al, (1992) proposed a leaf functions hypothesis. • This hypothesis provide two different views on the relationship between leaf production and flower induction but both views are based on the production of fixed number of leaves in total. A reasonably constant number of leaves should emerge prior to flower initiation (32-40 leaves) The number of unemerged leaves inside the pseudo stem at floral initiation is fairly constant.
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  Season of planting •It can be planted throughout the year expect in severe winter and during heavy rains when the soil is very wet. • Time of planting is determined by the choice of cultivar, agro-climatic conditions and market demand. • The best time of banana sucker planting is July to August • In subtropical conditions, planting time is adjusted to avoid shooting in winter season. • Spring planting is the rule in subtropics. • However in tropical conditions shooting during high wind time is avoided by adjusting time of planting
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  Selection of plantingmaterials • The suckers should be vigourously growing, 80-120 cm height and 1-2 kg in weight • The suckers should have narrow leaves, sword like. • The base of sucker should be thick and tapering towards top. • Suckers should be free from pathogens • Select the suckers free from rhizome weevils. • Age of suckers: 3-4 months
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  Pairing & Prolinage: •It is the removal of older leaves, roots, adhered soil and other particles on the surface of rhizome. • The top portion of the suckers leaving 15cm from rhizome should be removed and immersed in cow dung slurry, sprinkle phorate granules @ 10-15 g/rhizome in order to avoid soil pathogen & rhizome weevils. • Also rhizomes are dipped in fungicide solution by giving a slant cut.
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  System of planting •Pit planting is commonly followed in garden land system of cultivation • Pits of 60cm×60cm×60cm sizes are dug, filled with a mixture of soil, sand and farmyard manure in a 1:1:1 ratio. • Suckers are planted in the center of pit and soil around is compacted.
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  Planting distance • Itis differs with variety and type of cultivation. • High density in banana has gained popularity. • Distance for dwarf cultivars: 1.2 ×1.2 m, 1.8 ×1.8m, 2 ×2 m. • Distance for tall and semi dwarf cultivars: 2.4 ×1.8m, 2.4 ×2.4m, 2.7 ×3m, 2.5 ×2.5m. • In high density planting, there is increase in yield, less weed infestation, increase plant height, reduce girth, decrease sucker production, increase root length, decrease leaf emergence. • So in HDP, it requires optimum nutrients, timely irrigation, proper crop protection methods etc. Depth of planting: • 25 to 30 cm
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  Manuring and fertililization •Banana being heavy feeder requires very large quantity of nutrients for growth and yield, accounting for 20-30% of total cost of production. • For normal plant growth and development, 10-20 kg of compost/plant . • 150g of N, 150 g P2O5 and 300g of K2O in 2 split doses is advised depending on nutrient status of soil and cultivar. • Potassium is indispensible in banana nutrition due to its role in vital functions. • It is not stored and its availability is influenced by temperature. • Thus continuous supply is required to be assured at finger-filling stage.
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  • Thus applicationof Ca and magnesium oxides can be helpful. • Among micronutrients zn, Fe, B, Cu, and Mn play an important in growth and development of banana. • In acidic soils, use of dolomite (MgCO3) and limestone (CaCO3) as soil amendments is common. • In acute deficiencies of Mg, foliar spraying of MgSO4 is found to relieve the plant. • The application of Zn (0.1 %), B(0.005%) and Mn (0.1%) improves yield.
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  Water management • Bananaplant requires more water but cannot withstand water stagnation for more than 48 hours due to rotting of rhizomes. • High frequency of irrigation for dwarf cultivars as compared to tall cultivars. • In winter, apply irrigation @ 10-12 days interval while in summer, irrigate the orchard @5-7 days intervals.
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  Earthing up: • Incase of furrow planting, it is usually done during rainy season to provide drainage and avoid water logging at the base of the plant. • During summer and winter, de earthing is done. • This will allow the plant growing out of the soil because banana produce suckers mainly from upper part of corms.
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  Weeding: • Regular weedingis important during the first four months. • Spading is commonly used and normally four spadings a year are effective in controlling weeds. • Integrated weed management by including cover crops, judicious use of herbicides, intercropping and hand weeding wherever necessary will contribute in increased production. • Pre-emergence application of Diuron (1kg a.i./ha) or Glyphosate (2 kg a.i./ha) is effective in controlling grasses and broad-leaved weeds without affecting the yield and quality of banana. • Double cropping of cowpea is equally effective in suppressing the weed growth.
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  Inter cropping • Intercroppingcan easily be done in banana plantation at the early stages of growth. • Vegetable and flower crops like radishes, cauliflower, cabbage, spinach, chilli, brinjal, lady's finger, gourds, marigold, and tuberose can be successfully grown as intercrop. • Mixed cropping with arecanut coconut and cassava is a common and can be widely adopted.
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  Special care andmaintenance in banana (After Care)/ Training and pruning 1. Desuckering: Removal of suckers from banana plant is known as desuckering. • Done once in 45 days • In a young plantation of upto 2-3 month, emerging small suckers are simply headed back with a sharp knife. • In later stages, removal with rhizome is must. • Cutting back of the sucker and pouring kerosene (4ml) into the small gouged cavity made in the center or injection of kerosene from the side of the sucker just above the meristem can also be adopted.
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  2. Propping: • Wherewind is a problem, pseudostem requires to be propped up with bamboos, branches, poles etc. at the time of bunch emergence. • Tall plants required propping due to more height and dwarf due to its heavy bunch weight. 3. Removal of male bud and floral remnants: • Removal of male bud helps female fruit development. • Removal of male bud after completion of the finger emergence is referred to denaveling. • It serves the dual purpose of saving the movement of food into unwanted sink and also earns additional income as it is used as vegetable.
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  4. Wrapping ofthe bunches • Bunch covering is practiced in cavendish banana to get attractive color. • Direct exposure of penduncle to intense sun heat, hot winds and also from dust. • Free from insect / pest and pathogens. 5. Mattocking: • After harvest of the bunch, the plant stem should be cut to facilliates the mobilization of the nutrients from the mother to the developing ratoon plants till it withers and dries up. • The psuedo stem should be cut leaving a stump of about 0.6m height. • This process is called mattocking.
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  Propping Wrapping ofthe branches
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  Deflowering Mattocking
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  6. Deflowering: • Tippingof or removal of weathered flower parts by hand has proved to be effective in control of finger tip disease. • The weathered flower is removed after the bunch is formed. 7.Use of plant growth regulators • Spraying of hormones like GA3, 2,4-D 2,4,5-T or NAA at 100 ppm increases finger weight, TSS, size and bunch weight.
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  Fruit maturity andHarvesting • Under favorable conditions, banana starts flowering in 9-12 months and fruits matures in about 4-5 months depending upon varieties, climate etc. • Banana are harvested at 3/4th maturity stage for distant markets or for chips making purpose while, for local markets are harvested at full maturity. • The following are the indications of maturity of banana.  Drying of top leaves.  Changing of fruit colour from green to light green.  The floral ends of fruits are shed with slight hand touch at apices.  Fruit become plumpy and angles are filled & disappear.  One or two fruits ripe at the basal end (yellow colour).  Starch content of the fruit (22-25%). • The bunches are to be harvested by leaving 2 ft of peduncle on the bunch.
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  Maturity indices ofbanana
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  Yield Yield (t/ha/year) • Poovan– 40-50 • Robusta – 50-60 • Dwarf Cavendish -50-60 • Hill and cooking banana: 10-15
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  Disorder in banana Chokethroat • More prevalent in Terai area of Nepal. • The inflorescence grows sufficiently to come out or emerge out but get stuck at the throat of banana plant, peeping out only a small to ¾ part of the inflorescence. • It is mostly seen during or at the end of winter. • It is mainly caused due to lower temperature. • Improved variety like william hubrid, robusta cavendish etc are more prone to this disease than malbhog, jhapali malbhog or local banana
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  Choke Throat
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  Pests and diseases: •Some of the important pests and diseases are listed here under. • Pests 1. Banana Pseudostem borer: • Most of the commercial cultivars are attacked by the borer. • Exudation of plant sap is the initial symptom and blackened mass comes out from the holes bored by the larvae. 2. Banana Rhizome weevil: • Damaged corms show feeding tunnels filled with mass of rotten tissues. 3. Banana aphid-Vector of the virus disease: Bunchy top 4. Fruit and leaf scarring beetle-The beetle feeds on young leaves and skin of young fruits, occurance is maximum in rainy season.
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  Banana Rhizome weevil
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  Diseases 1. Panama wilt- Fusarium oxysporium F.sp cubens • It is the most severe and important disease of banana. Rasthali is highly susceptible cultivar. • It is serious in poorly drained soil. • Resistant varieties are Robusta & Dwarf Cavendish. 2. Leaf spot/Sigatoka – It is a fungal disease initially,presence of light yellowish spots on the leaves under sever condition formation of brown spots and later dies, turning light grey surrounded by a brown ring. The Gros Michel and Cavendish group are all (AAA ) highly susceptible to sigatoka. While, all ABB clones are resistant.
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  3. Banana bunchytop virus (BBTV):- • Transmitted by aphid vector, Pentalonia nigronervosa. • The dwarf banana cultivars are very Susceptible. The leaves are bunched together like a rosette at the top, the margins are wavy and slightly rolled upward. • Dark green streaks of the lamina or midrib. • The plants are stunted and do not produce bunch of commercial value. • Some of the other diseases are: Pseudostem heart rot, Diamond spot, Anthracnose, Cigar end tip rot, Crown rot, Bacterial soft rot, Bacterial wilt or moko disease, banana streak virus, banana bract mosaic virus etc., causing damage to bananaplants.