LEC 4 - Banana (1).pptxvdbndndndndjdn hdjdjdnbdd.

LEC 4 - Banana (1).pptxvdbndndndndjdn hdjdjdnbdd.

• 1.
  Production Technology of Banana
• 2.
  Types of Banana
• 4.
  Antique Fruit Crop/Tree of Wisdom/ Tree of Paradise/Adams Fig/ Plant of Virtue/ Apple of paradise Botanical Name : Musa spp. Family : Musaceae Chromosome No : 2n = 2x = 22 [n = 11] Origin : South East Asia (Indo-Malayan region) Inflorescence : Spadix Fruit Type : Berry Edible Part : Mesocarp & Endocarp
• 5.
  • M. balbisiana(Banana) • M. acuminata (Plantain) – cooking banana • Kalpatharu - “Plant of virtue ” • Humid tropical herb, herbacecous perennial plant • Monocotyledonous, monocarbic • Banana leaf – Biological plate • Calorific value – 67 to 137 g /100 g • Rich source of potassium (450 mg)
• 6.
  Inflorescence - spadix
• 7.
  Nutritive value • Richsource of energy in the form of sugars and starch • Fruit for all ages • Rich source of carbohydrates, vitamins, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid and minerals - ca, mg, K & P.
• 8.
   Voracious feederand requires a well-drained soil with plentiful organic matter. Heavy irrigation, it cannot with stand water stagnation  Loamy soils, well drained clay soils Deep well- drained soil with organic matter, ph-5.5-8.5. Saline soils with salinity percentage exceeding 0.05 are unsuitable Wind velocities > 80km – cause havoc to plantations .(dwarf types) Soil
• 9.
  climate  Tropical plant Temp – 10 ˚C to 40 ˚C (23 ˚C)  Low temperature i.e. less than 10˚C is unsuitable since, they lead to a condition called choke throat.  100 mm rainfall per month  Stagnation of water is injurious and may cause diseases like panama wilt
• 10.
  Varieties • Edible bananavarieties have originated from the two species viz.,Musa acuminate and Musa balbisiana. • The notation of ‘genome’ was ‘A’ for acuminata and ‘B’ for balbisiana.
• 11.
  Characters M. acuminataM. balbisiana Origin Malaysia Burma Pseudostem color Black or brown blotches Blotches slight or absent Pedicel Short Long Ovules Two regular Four irregular Bract Curling Roll after opening Lift but do not roll Bract Shape Tapering sharply from shoulder Ovate, not tapering sharply
• 12.
  Bract apex Acute(Sharp) Obtuse (Wide) Bract Color Red dull purple or yellow inside, Pink dull purple or yellow inside Brownish purple outside, crimson inside Bract Scars Prominent Scarcely prominent Male flower Creamy white Pink Stigma color Orange or yellow Cream, pale yellow or pale pink
• 13.
  Musa acuminata
• 14.
  Musa balbisiana Musa acuminata
• 15.
  Genomic Classification Ploidy GenomeCultivars 2X AA Matti, Namarai, Anai Komban, Sanne Chenkadali, Kadali, Surya Kadali, Pisang Lilin, Tongat 2X AB Ney Poovan, Nattu Poovan, Kunnan 3X AAA Robusta, Red Banana, Dwarf Cavendish, Gros Michael, Amritsagar, Grand Naine, Thenkadali 3X AAB Poovan, Rasthali, Nendran, Virupakshi, Pachanadan, Sugandhi, Rajapuri 3X ABB Karpuravalli, Peyan, Monthan, Kari Bontha, Kari Montha, Monthan, Kallu Monthan 4X AAAA Bodles Altafort (Synthetic hybrid, not existing in nature) 4X ABBB Klue Teparod, Sawai (Synthetic hybrid)
• 16.
  Multiple hybrid Ladan (AAB)× M. balbisiana (BB) F1 (AB) × Kadali (AA) Co 1 (AAB) • Bunch wt. : 10 kg, 7 hands, 80-85 fruits • Duration : 14-15 months
• 17.
  KAU, Trichur BRS 1(Agniswar × Pisang lilin)  AAB  100 days earlier than Rasthali variety  Suit “Homestead cultivation of Kerala”  R Sigatoka leaf spot BRS 2 (Vannan × Pisang lilin) AAB T leaf spot, Panama wilt, rhizome weevil, nematode Bunch wt : 14kg, 8 hands, 118 fruits Duration : 314 days Gold Finger
• 19.
  Poovan (AAB) Commercial in TN,bunch wt 15kg Sub-acid taste R Panama wilt Monthan (ABB) Culinary purpose in India Hardy, R Drought Dwarf Cavendish (AAA) Dwarf type, widely cultivated Keeping quality poor S Bunchy top, R Panama wilt
• 20.
  Harichal (AAA) Bombay Green (MH) Budsport of Dwarf Cavendish Better keeping quality Rasthali (AAB)) Choice table purpose Duration : 12kg Ivory yellow fruit, Ayiranka Rasthali (pistil flower upto axis length)
• 21.
  Hill Banana (AAB) Sirumalai, Vellavazhai, Virupakshi Specialityin TN, grown Pulney hills 1000- 1500m MSL Perennial (12 month) Shade in Coffee plantation Rainfed banana, Good keeping quality Sirumalai : tastier with mellow pulp Virupakshi Nendran (AAB) Plantatin (Trinidad) Commercial in Kerala, TN Duration : 11-12 months Good keeping quality (15 days) after ripen)
• 22.
  Sevazhai (AAA) Red Banana Cultivargrown in Kerala Pulp : Purplish red Kunnan (AB) Popular Dessert variety Thin rind with firm flesh Ney Poovan (AB) Rasa Kadali Popular in SI 10-15 kg bunch weight
• 23.
  Propagation Techniques  Sucker Tissue culture plant
• 24.
  Sword Sucker  Welldeveloped base and pointed tip, narrow shaped (sword) leaf blades at the newly formed stage  Weigh : 1.5 to 2.0 kg presence of broad leaves on small, under sized corms Not recommended for planting as it has a tendency of slow- growth and poor yield Healthy clumps do not produce water suckers Water Sucker
• 26.
  Rhizomes • After harvest,a number of its suckers are encouraged to grow up to 1-2 feet. • Dug out and their pseudostems are completely cut above the solid rhizome and roots removed • 450-900 grams are stored for two months in a dry place under shade.
• 27.
  Selection of sucker •3-4 months old suckers from healthy vigorously growing and good yielding plants. • The sword suckers should have 1.5- 2 kg weight.
• 28.
  Preparation of Suckers The suckers before planting have to be trimmed so as to remove the roots and decayed portion of the corm  Top of the pseudo stem should be cut leaving 20 cm from the corm  New roots – appear in – week after planting.  Other planting materials are peepers, whole or bits of rhizomes
• 29.
  Selection of plantingmaterial • Sword suckers should be vigorously growing and weighing 1.5 to 2.0 kg • The suckers should be swollen at the base and tapering towards the top. • Free from pests, diseases and nematodes. • They are prepared by trimming off the roots and decayed portion of the corm and cutting the pseudostem leaving 20 cm from the corm. • The suckers can be graded and grouped based on their size before planting.
• 30.
  Banana sucker treatment(Paring and Pralinage)
• 32.
   In TissueCulture Plants, one week before planting apply 10 g Carbofuran and 1.0 % bleaching powder in 100 ml water as drench into the polythene bags to protect against nematode infection and bacterial rot disease
• 33.
  Spacing & PlantingDensity System of Cultivation Preparatory cultivation Variety Season of Planting Spacing No. of Plants/ ha Garden land 2-3 Ploughings, taking pits and forming channels & basins Robusta Nendran Dwarf Cavendish Jan – Feb Nov - Dec 1.8 x 1.8 m 1.5 x 1.5 m 3086 4444 Wet land Planting is done in small pits sufficient to accommodate the corms (like Paddy) Poovan Rasthali Monthan Neyvannan Feb - April 2.1 x 2.1 m 2267
• 34.
  System of Cultivation Preparatory cultivation Variety Seasonof Planting Spacing No. of Plants/ ha Perennial (Padugai) One deep mummutti digging, annual deepening of the water channels & spreading of the silt in the bunds Poovan Monthan Jan – Feb Aug - Sep 3.3 x 3.3 m 1230 Hill Banana Scrub jungles are removed, Contour walls are constructed Virupakshi Sirumalai Apr – May Jun - Aug 3.6 x 3.6 m 750
• 35.
  Planting  Wind break– 5m away from banana plants  Pit : 0.6 × 0.6 × 0.6 m  Planted through out the year except in severe winter and during heavy rains - soil is very wet Spacing • Garden land - 1.8 x 1.8 m or 1.5 x 1.5 m, • Wet land – 2.1m X 2.1m Contour Planting incase of Hill Banana
• 36.
  HDP 2 sucker /pit : 1.8 × 3.6 m – 3200 plants/pit 3 sucker / pit : 3.6 × 3.6 m – 4800 plants/pit Double row system of planting – 1.2 X 1.5 X 2 m
• 37.
  Production systems Homestead orbackyard cultivation Mixed cultivation  Shade crop – coffee – palney hills (virupakshi, sirumalai)  Coconut/ arecanut orchards - banana  Banana – ginger, turmeric, elephant foot yam and gourds Multistorey system – crops with different canopy levels are planted.  Coconut+arecanut , banana, tapioca, turmeric, ginger, garlic Semi tall – poovan , ney poovan
• 38.
  Coconut + banana Shadecrop – coffee Banana + ginger Production systems
• 39.
  Intercropping • Leguminous vegetables, beetroot, elephant foot yam and sunhemp. • Avoid growing cucurbitaceous vegetables
• 40.
  Manure and Fertilizer Particularsg/Plant/Year N P K Garden land Nendran 150 90 300 Other varieties 110 35 330 Wet land Nendran 210 35 450 Rasthali 210 50 390 Poovan, Robusta 160 50 390 Hill Banana 375 g of 40:30:40 NPK/ Plant besides 130 g of MOP per clump per application during Oct, Jan and Apr
• 41.
  Irrigation • Life irrigation: 4 days • 10-15 days interval • Drip irrigation : 10-25 lit/plant
• 42.
  Fertigation • Application offertilizers through irrigation water is known as fertigation.
• 43.
  Advantages Very high yieldswith high quality fruits The dosages required by the plant can also be reduced by 25-50 % when the fertigation is practiced along with high density planting  Effective utilization of fertilizers, no wastage Uniform growth of plants Reduced labour cost
• 44.
  Fertigation schedule
• 45.
  Weeding • 2-3 digging •post - emergence Paraquat @ 3ml/lit
• 46.
  Special intercultural practices 1.Bunch cover 2. Removal of male bud 3. Removal of withered styles and perianth 4. Desuckering
• 47.
  1. BUNCH COVERING •Covering bunches with gunny cloth or polythene protects the fruit from sunburn, hot wind and dust. • Perforated / polythene bags when used for bunch covering increased yield by 15-20 %. • Peduncle of the bunch may be covered with the flag to prevent main stalk rot. , it improves bunch 37 | P a g e appeal, advances the maturity by 7-10 days in banana
• 48.
  2. Denavelling -8-11 days after bunch emergence Removal of male bud after fruit development
• 49.
  3. Removal ofwithered styles and perianth
• 50.
   Once in45 days  Young plantations – 2-3 months – emerging small suckers are headed back RATOON CROPPING • Orchard - 3/4th – plant flowers – one sucker is allowed • 1-1 ½ month – chop – veg. growth – allow rhizome to enlarge. • Harvest – suckers ready for ratoon crop. 4. Desuckering
• 51.
  Use Growth regulators •Trichirapalli, the banana cultivar Poovan is with a peculiar development disorder viz., ‘kottaivazhai’ - central core having many under developed non-visible seed like structures rendering the fruits inedible 2,4-D 20 ppm- last hand of the bunch is opened
• 52.
  • 2, 4-D– 100 ppm – finger weight, pulp % and TSS. • NAA 100 ppm – 5th and 7th month – increased fruit size and yield. • GA3 at 50mg/L resulted in maximum yield and required less number of days for fruit maturity in Giant Governor Banana. • GA3 400 ppm – 35 or 55 days – 3 times on alternate days - increased colour of finger • GA3 – 50 ppm – increased yield – 56-65 t/ha
• 53.
  Propping - Bunchemergence
• 54.
  Mattacking stump leave about 0.6m height
• 55.
  • Ridges onthe surface change from angularity to round (less angular in shape) • After the attainment of 75% full stages. (3 / 4th matures) • Dwarf banana - harvest - 11- 14 MAP, tall cultivars - 14-16 MAP. • Peel colour - dark green to light green • Remaining style ends were dry and brittle Harvest
• 56.
  • Ripening –closed chambers (ripening rooms) • Ethylene – generated – uniform ripening. • attractive colour - slow ripening under 15- 18 °C + low ethylene conc.
• 57.
  Smoking • Commonest methodto induce ripening in Tamil Nadu and maharashtra. • Smoking is done with straw, leaves and cowdung in a closed chamber with bunchehours in summer s arranged in a heap for 18- 24 and 48 hours in winter. • Bunches take 3 days for ripening in this method.
• 58.
  • Ethrel treatment(2500 ppm) also cause ripening within 2 days. • Bunches are arranged in a closed chamber • Ethrel is taken in a beaker and added with few pellets of sodium or potassium hydroxide. • This facilitates the release of ‘ethylene’ gas which aids in ripening the fruits.
• 59.
  • Packing ofhands or dehanded fruits – polythene is promising. • 100 gauge polythene bags + 0.2 % holes – enhance shelf life – room T & cold storage. • Delay ripening – skin coating with waxol (12% wax) – prolongs shelf life by 10 days.
• 60.
  Yield Cultivar Yield Poovan 40-50t/ha Rasthali 40-50 t/ha Monthan 30 – 40 t/ha Robusta 50-60 t/ha Dwarf Cavendish 50-60 t/ha
• 63.
  Physiological disorders
• 64.
  Cause Symptoms Remedy Unknown• Poor plant growth • delayed shooting • lanky bunch - few hands + immature unfilled fingers • Fruits ooze out watery – cut • Nendran , Poovan NAA – improves finger filling 1. Neer vazhai
• 65.
  Cause Symptoms Remedy Unknown• Enlarged ovules and immature dark green fruits. • Poovan 2,4- D – 120 ppm – normal bunch 2. Kotta vazhai
• 66.
  Pest Stem borer (Rhizomeweevil) Tunnel corm Leaf : yellow, wither, dry Remedy  Carbaryl 10-20 g / plant in soil around stem
• 67.
  Aphid Vector : Bunchyto Virus disease Remedy Monocrotophos 1 ml/lit @ 3rd month, avoid after flowering
• 68.
  Burrowing nematode :Radopholus similis Lesion nematode : Pratylenchus coffeae Root-knot nematode : Meloidogyne incognita Leaf pale, topple over, black lesion with purple margin Remedy Pralinage and Pairing method
• 69.
  Disease Sigatoka leaf spot Spoton leaf, severe : affect growth Remedy Remove affected leaves Carbendazim @ 0.1 %, Mancozeb @ 0.2 %, Cu (O) cl2 @ 0.2 %
• 70.
  Panama disease Split atbase of pseudostem Remedy Apply lime 1-2kg in pits Corm injection : 3 ml Carbendazim (2nd , 4th and 6th MAP)
• 71.
  Bunchy top (fromSri Lanka) Vector : Aphid Marginal Chlorosis & Curling Leaf : brittle, small size Remedy Virus free sucker 200 mg Fernoxone (2,4-D) into corm, pseudostem