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paragonimus westermani.pptx

Paragonimus Westermani, also known as the oriental lung fluke, is a species of parasitic flatworm that infects humans and other mammals. It is most commonly found in Eastern Asia, Africa, and South/Central America. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving freshwater snails and crustaceans as intermediate hosts before infecting the lungs of humans. Common symptoms in humans include coughing, bronchitis, and blood in sputum. Diagnosis involves examining stool, sputum, or biopsy samples under a microscope. Treatment typically involves the drug paraziquantel.

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Paragonimus Westermani
Paragonimus Westermani Paragonimus waterman is also known as Japanese lung fluke or oriental lung fluke . It is the most common species of lung fluke that infect humans . It causes Paragonimiasis .
Geographical Distribution Eastern Asia Africa South and Central America
History  It was discovered by Cornerad Kerbert in 1878
Species of paragonimus  P. westermani filipinus  P. westermani ichunencis  P. westermani japonicus
Morphology  Paragonimus westermani resembles coffee bean in size , shape ,and colour .  Adult worms are 7.5 -12 mm long and 4-6 mm wide .  Thickness is 3.5 – 5 mm .  Skin is thickly covered with scale like spines .  Have oral and ventral suckers .  Testes are located posteriorly .
Morphology Eggs :  80- 120 micrometres and 45-70 micrometres wide .  Yellowish brown with thick shell cercaria :  Circadian are often indistinguishable between species .  Have large posterior sucker and exterior is spine. Metacercaria :  They are usually encysted in tissues.  The exterior is spined and has two suckes .
Morphology Adult :  Reddish-brown and ovoid .  7-16 mm in length and 4-8 mm wide .  Hermaphrodite  Have oval and ventral suckers .
Discovery  P.westermani was discovered when tow Bengal Tigers died of paragonimiasis in zoo in Europe in 1878 .  P.westermani was discovered in lungs of humans by Ringer in 1879 .  Mansion proposed the snail as an intermediate host .  From 1916- 1932 Japanese scientists describe whole life cycle in snail.  P.westermani was named after Pieter westerman ,a zoo keeper who noted the trematode in Bengal Tigers in Amsterdam zoo .
Hosts First intermediate host : Freshwater snail 2nd intermediate host : Crustaceans ( mostly crabs ) Definitive host : Humans and other mammals .
Life cycle In snail :  Unembryonated eggs are passed in the septum if human or feline (cats) .  Two weeks later , miracidia develop in the egg and hatches .  Miracidia penetrate its first intermediate host (snail ) .  With in snail mother sporocyst form and produce many mother rediae .  Mother rediae produce daughter rediae which shed crawling cercariae into freshwater .  Mature cercariae develops within 3-5 months.
Life cycle In Crustaceans :  The crawling cercariae penetrates freshwater crabs and encryption in its muscles becoming meta cercaria .  Metacercaria takes 2 months to develop . In Humans and other mammals:  Humans or felines then eat the infected crabs raw .  Once eaten, the Metacercaria penetrates the gut and excess in duodenum , penetrate through the intestinal wall into peritoneal cavity ,then through abdominal wall and diaphragm into lungs .
Life cycle  In lungs they encapsulate themselves and become adults .  But when they reach Brain and straited muscles the eggs lid cannot exit , So , this can be life threatening.  Infections may persist for 20 years in Humans .
Pathogenicity  Once in the lungs or other site , the eggs in the tissues become Pseudotubercles ,and gets into the spinal cord ,it’s can cause paralysis.  This condition in Heart can cause death .  The symptoms are localised in the pulmonary system which include , bad cough ,bronchitis and blood in sputum (hemoptysis ) .
Diagnosis Stool or sputum demonstration Antibody detection X –Ray of chest cavity Biopsy (lungs and other organs or tissues)
Prevention  More hygienic food cooking and preparation .  Elimination of first intermediate host .  Hand washing habits etc.
Treatment  Paraziquantel  Course of corticosteroids ( for cerebral infection )  Triclabendazole
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