Lentinula edodes (shiitake) copy

Lentinula edodes (Shiitake)
Presented by:- Shailendra shah
Department of pharmaceutical
Science
Nobel college, Pokhara University
8/15/2018 1

INTRODUCTION
The shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom native to East
Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries.
It is commonly known as “shiitake”. The name Shiitake derives from the
Japanese Shii, which means oak and take which means mushroom.
It is considered a medicinal mushroom in some forms of traditional
medicine.
Other common names are golden oak mushroom, black forest mushroom,
Chinese black mushroom and in Nepali it is known as mirge chyau.
It has been used as food and also for medicinal use.The earliest reports of
shiitake cultivation in china date back at least 1000 years.
This edible mushroom is currently the second most produced mushroom in
the world, after Agaricus bisporus.
.
8/15/2018 2

Nomenclature
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Marasmiaceae
Genus: Lentinula
Species: edodes
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Biological sources
Mycelium extracts contain polysaccharides (alpha-/beta-homo- and
heteroglycans), proteins, nucleic acids, trace minerals, vitamins and
provitamins, polyphenolic compounds, and other secondary plant
metabolites.
Mycelium extract of lentinula edodes collect at the time when cap
and stem are yet immature and arecalled as lentinen edodes
mycelium (LEM) is used in commercial medicine.
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Habitat
Lentinula edodes is native to various
countries in East Asia. Most commonly they
are found in Japan and China.
They grow best in cool, dry to moist (but not
wet), and dark conditions.
Shiitake likes the cold, this is expressed by
slowly developing and growing, though
beautiful fruit bodies of the donko-type: dark-
brown, nicely scaled, heavy and short-
stemmed.
8/15/2018 5

Habitat (contd..)
In warmer growing circumstances the flesh becomes thinner and the
colour lighter.
Temperature strongly affects two different aspects of the mushroom's life
mycelia growth and the fruiting body growth.
Mycelia growth is strongest between 41º and 90º F (5-32ºC), while the
fruiting body grows best in temperatures between 50º and 68ºF (10-20º C).
The fruiting body also requires more humidity and light than the mycelia
does.Saprophytic fungus grow in wild and dead or drying wood of broad
leavedtrees, especially oak and beech trees.
8/15/2018 6

Cultivation and collection
Shiitake has been cultivated on wooden logs in open in the mountainous region in
Asia for over a 1000 years.
Commercially, shiitake mushrooms are typically grown in conditions similar to their
natural environment on either artificial substrate or hardwood logs, such as oak.
The Japanese cultivated the mushroom by cutting shii trees with axes and placing
the logs by trees that were already growing shiitake or contained shiitake spores.
The shiitake begins life as a mycelium that burrows through the dead tissue of
various hardwoods such as beech, chestnut or oak.
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Cultivation and collection(contd..)
As the mycelia grow, they gradually convert the component macromolecules of the
wood into fungal tissue until the available nutrients have been sufficiently depleted.
Cultivation method takes about 6 month to 1year.
It has been one of the most popular edible fungus and due to its high demands,
techniques for a quicker cultivation.
Shiitake are now widely cultivated all over the world, and contribute about 25% of
total yearly production of mushrooms.
China is an enormous consumer and producer of Shiitake.
8/15/2018 8

Macroscopical characters
Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) has
gills on hymenium.
Hymenium is free.
Cap of Lentinula edodes ranges from 5-
25cm wide and grows from a round
bulb into half bulb and into flat cap in
the adult stage.
In the beginning the cap is almost black
but as the cap grows the colour changes
to light brown.
8/15/2018 9

Macroscopical characters(Contd..)
The rim of cap is whitish at first. The flesh of the cap is whitish to brown.
The steem has a fibrous structure can be positioned either centrally or
offset to the side.
Microscopial characteristics:-
 The genome of Lentinula edodes is approximately 33
Mb,organized in 8 chromosomes.
8/15/2018 10

Chemical constituents(Active Compounds)
Some of shiitake’s active important compounds
include:-
 Lentinan (antitumor, antiviral, hepatoprotective)
 Mannoglucan (immunomodulation)
 Lentinamicin (antimicrobial)
 Lenthionine, ethylacetate and chloroform extracts
(antibacterial)
 Lentin (antifungal)
 Lentysine, lentinacin, eritadenine (hypolipidemic and
cardiovascular)
 Lectin (hemaglutinating)
 Water extracts and methanol (antioxidant)
8/15/2018 11

Lentinan:-
Molecular Formula: C42H72O36
Molecular Weight: 1153.002 g/mol
Lentinan, one major polysaccharide
compound, belongs to the beta-
glucan12s which is the key component
having anticancer effect.
8/15/2018 12

Chemical structure of Lentinan
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 Pharmacological action
Supercritical fluid extracts of lentinula edodes had antimicrobial
activites against micrococcus luteus and bacillus cereus.
The ethanol, aqueous and polysaccharides from lentinula edodes act
on the initial processes of the replication of strains of polio virus and
bovine herpes virus.
There is some evidence from a meta-analysis that lentinan in addition
to chemotherapy could prolong survival in patients with stomach
cancer.
Lentinan is thought to exhibit indirect anticancer effects by activating
innate immune effector cells.
8/15/2018 14

 Pharmacological action(contd..)
Although an injectable form of lentinan is used in some countries as an
adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy, definative data on shiitake’s efficacy as
an oral anticancer agent are lacking.
Research using animal models has shown that AHCC may increase the
body's resistance to pathogens as shown in experiments with the influenza
virus, West Nile encephalitis virus, and bacterial infection.
Animal research and limited clinical trials suggest that AHCC may
enhance immune function.
Lentin, the protein component of shiitake, exerts antifungal properties,
inhibits proliferation of leukemic cells, and suppresses the activity of HIV-1
reverse transcriptase
8/15/2018 15

 Pharmacopoeal standards
The stems have the highest amount of fibre (14.35–21.77%) and the lowest amount
of protein (10.21– 13.64%). The caps contain the highest ash content (4.11–5.15%).
 Commercial values:-
Manganese peroxidases isolated from L. edodes neutralize environmentally
persistent pesticide contaminants such as chlorophenols and dioxins.
Commercial preparations are available as preserved whole fruiting bodies or extracts
of fruiting bodies or mycelia.
The commercial value of fresh shiitake mushroom is about US $3.3-3.7 / Kilogram.
8/15/2018 16

References
Pegler D. "The classification of the genus Lentinus Fr.
(Basidiomycota)". Kavaka (1975) 3: 11–20.
Vane CH; Drage TC Snape CE. (2003). "Biodegradation of oak
(Quercus alba) wood during growth of the Shiitake mushroom
(Lentinula edodes): A molecular approach". Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry. 51 (4): 947–956
8/15/2018 17

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