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Bacteriophage vectors

Bacteriophages, discovered in the early 20th century, are viruses that infect bacteria and can be used as vectors for genetic engineering due to their ability to accommodate large pieces of foreign DNA. The document discusses specific bacteriophage vectors such as M13 and P1, detailing their structures, life cycles, cloning constructions, and the selection processes for recombinant DNA. Additionally, it explains the concept of replacement vectors, which can carry larger DNA fragments than traditional insertion vectors.

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BACTERIOPHAGE VECTORS
BACTERIOPHAGE  Virus that infect bacteria is known as bacteriophage.  It was discovered by Frederick.W.Twort in Great Britian (1915) and Felix d’ Herelle in France(1917).  D’ Herelle coined the term bacteriophage meaning ‘bacterial eater’ to describe the agent’s bacteriocidal activity.
 Phages are very simple in structure, consisting merely of a DNA (or occasionally ribonucleic acid (RNA)) molecule carrying a number of genes,surrounded by a protective coat or capsid made up of protein molecules.  They can undergo two life cycle Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?  It can accept very large pieces of foreign DNA.  Genetic engineers have constructed numerous derivatives of phage vectors that contain only one or two sites for a variety of restriction enzymes.  Phage that have a stuffer fragment are called substitution vectors because they are designed to have a piece removed and substituted with something else.  Examples are Lambda phage, M13 phage, T4,T7 phage, P1 phage etc.
M13 PHAGE  Bacteriophage M13 was first isolated from wastewater in Munich (Hofschneider, 1963). Hence named as M13 phage.  It is a filamentous phage which has 6407 nucleotides.  It possess single stranded circular DNA.  It was sequenced by Sanger in 1982.
GENOME OF M13 PHAGE Genes (III, VI, VII, VIII and IX encode structural proteins Genes (II, V and X) for phage DNA replication Genes (I, IV andXI) encode products for assembly and secretion 
LIFE CYCLE AND DNA REPLICATION OF M13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR 1. The first step in construction of an M13 cloning vector was to introduce the lacZ′ gene into the intergenic sequence. 2. This gave rise to M13mp1, which forms blue plaques on X-gal agar. 3. M13mp1 does not possess any unique restriction sites in the lacZ′ gene. ori Lac Z IV II M13MP1 VECTOR
M13 MP 2 VECTOR  It contains the hexanucleotide GGATTC near the start of the gene.  A single nucleotide change would make this GAATTC, which is an EcoRI site.  This alteration was carried out using in vitro mutagenesis, resulting in M13mp2. ori Lac Z IV II EcoRI
M13MP7 VECTOR  A polylinker, which consists of a series of restriction sites and has EcoRI sticky ends.  This polylinker was inserted into the EcoRI site of M13mp2, to give M13mp7 a more complex vector with four possible cloning sites (EcoRI, BamHI, SalI, and PstI).  The polylinker is designed so that it does not totally disrupt the lacZ′ gene. Although it is altered, b-galactosidase enzyme is still produced.
SELECTION OF RECOMBINANTS  The vector is then inserted into a competent host cell viable for transformation, which are then grown in the presence of X-gal.  Cells transformed with vectors containing recombinants will produce white colonies; non-recombinant plasmids (i.e. only the vector) grow into blue colonies.
LAMBDA REPLACEMENT VECTORS Replacement vectors  A replacement vector has two recognition sites for the restriction endonuclease used for cloning. These sites flank a segment of DNA that is replaced by the DNA to be cloned,.  Often the replaceable fragment (or “stuffer fragment” in cloning jargon) carries additional restriction sites that can be used to cut it up into small pieces, so that its own re-insertion during a cloning experiment is very unlikely.  Replacement vectors are generally designed to carry larger pieces of DNA than insertion vectors can handle. An example of a replacement vectors is:  LAMBDA EMBL4 can carry up to 20 kb of inserted DNA by replacing a segment flanked by pairs of EcoRI, BamHI, and SalI sites. Any of these three restriction endonucleases can be used to remove the stuffer fragment, so DNA fragments with a variety of sticky ends can be cloned. Recombinant selection with eEMBL4 can be on the basis of size, or can utilize the Spi phenotype.
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE  P1 is a temperate bacteriophage (phage) that infects Escherichia coli and a some other bacteria.  When undergoing a lysogenic cycle the phage genome exists as a plasmid in the bacterium. Unlike other phages it integrate into the host DNA.  P1 has an icosahedral "head" containing the DNA attached to a contractile tail with six tail fibers.
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE  The genome of the P1 phage is moderately large, around 93Kbp in length. In the viral particle it is in the form of a linear double stranded DNA molecule. Once inserted into the host it circularizes and replicates as a plasmid.  The genome is especially rich in Chi sequences recognized by the bacterial recombinase RecBCD.  The genome contains two origins of replication, oriR which replicates it during the lysogenic cycle and oriL which replicates it during the lytic stage.
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR  The development of a bacteriophage P1 cloning system capable of accepting DNA fragments as large as 100 kilobase pairs (kbp).  Phage particles has two P1 loxP recombination sites to cyclize the packaged DNA once it has been injected into a strain of Escherichia coli containing the P1 Cre recombinase, a kanamycin resistant gene to select bacterial clones containing the cyclized DNA.  P1 plasmid replicon to stably maintain that DNA in E. coli at one copy per cell chromosome, and a lac promoter-regulated P1 lytic replicon to amplify the DNA before it is reisolated.
P1 PHAGE VECTOR SYSTEM