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Lecture ch01a geography matters

Human geography is the study of how human activity is spatially organized and how humans interact with their environment. Geographers use tools like maps, geographic information systems, and spatial analysis to understand relationships between location, culture, and the environment. Some key concepts in human geography include place, regions, diffusion, accessibility, and sense of place. Geographers study issues like globalization, development, and environmental concerns at various scales to help solve problems.

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Geography Matters – Chapter 1 • What is Human Geography? • Study of the spatial organization of human activity and our relationship with the environment • Place – The way we use & interpret the Earth environment for our culture • Geographic Tools/Technology – Maps a used to study spatial relationships of Location, Culture, & Environment • Regional Analysis & Planning • The process of Figure 1.3 Influence of place in a center city neighborhood of Boston, MA What do you notice about the landscape?
Major Issues in Human Geography & Human Development Globalization: Increasing geographic interdependence of the world, characterized by: • Instant global communications between Places & Regions • Rapidly changing international relationships – economic & political, often causing social upheaval & harm to many, warfare, famine, upside is global diffusion of innovations that improve quality of life • Environmental degradation & concerns about Global Food security Figure: Chapter 1 Opener Protesting rising food prices in Maputo, Mozambique, Africa Read about this Human Rights/Labor situation on page 2 & 3 in the text. The United Nations Human Development Index- http://hdr.undp.org/en/
Figure 1.1 Destruction caused in Japan by the March 2011 tsunami Figure 1.2 Quality of life is impacted by proximity of oil refineries in Wilmington, California, Los Angeles County Place – the cultural & physical attributes of an area. How People Interpret & shape the Physical Environment • Geographic Literacy – Lack of geographic understanding and knowledge among Americans, do you find this to be true? – Places are dynamic and complex impacted by ever-changing environmental & human interactions. Natural Hazards & Manmade hazards: How does Japan prepare for the inevitability of Tsunami? Why is this residential neighborhood so close to a refinery?
Places hold Cultural Meaning • Emotional and cultural symbols – Ex: Graceland (Memphis, TN) – home of Elvis Presley • Ordinary places with special meaning – Childhood neighborhood imbued with cognitive maps & memories • Sites of innovation, change, conflict, social & political upheaval • “Arab Spring” in • Morocco & • Egypt Figure 1.4 Anti-government demonstrators flood Tahir Square, Cairo, Egypt on February 11, 2011
Human Geography is the study of the: • Spatial organization of human activities across Earth: • Agriculture, Human Quality of Life, Access to Natural Resources – Water & Food, Fuel, Housing, Urban Development, Technology • How and why relationships are important - Influence of Major Elements of Culture; Language & Religion, political organization, continual evolution & devolution of Nation-States. • Geographers solve a variety of problems from local to global scales using tools such as Mapping technology; Geographic Information Systems (G.I.S.), allows us to represent & analyze spatial data. Used in: Environmental analysis City Planning Business & Marketing Diffusion of Diseases Figure 1.A Urban planners examine a model of a new town near Stuttgart, Germany
Geographic Methods and Tools • Observation representation analysis models • Qualitative (observed) & Quantitative (mathematical) data • Remote sensing • Maps – Social products – Map Scale • GPS - Global Positioning Systems – President Reagan opened – Use of GPS from the – Military to private sector Figure 1.5 Landsat satellite image: Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD area
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6 Topographic map of Lugano, Switzerland. “Topo” meaning topography or lay of the land, & a “graphic” representation of Earth’s surface in elevation. Scale of 1:25,000 with 20 meter contours – Lines of equal Elevation representing height above sea level on the land. Figure 1.7 Isopleth Map of precipitation for the African continent Isopleth – lines of equal spatial data – Precipitation in both Centimeters & Inches Geographic Methods and Tools, (cont’d)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9 Located charts are generated by combining graphs, charts, or symbols with base maps Geographic Methods and Tools – Maps Elements of Maps: Title or Theme - Where is it on this map? Why is it so small? Scale – Distance on the map to distance on the land. Not shown on this map. Spatial Data – Arrows showing historical movements of Human Trafficking for Profit from 1500 to 1840 Legend – Uses color to illustrate different forced African diaspora, precious metals, & spices & Opium.
Absolute Location Figure 1.15 Latitude & Longitude measure Absolute Location on Earth Parallels Meridians
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11 The Robinson projection: distance, direction, area, and shape are all distorted Figure 1.12 The Peters projection: controversial “Europeanization” of Earth Map Projections • Systematic rendering of the Earth’s surface onto a flat surface from the Globe to a Flat Surface • Equidistant, Conformal, Azimuthal, Equal-area – Distortion of distance, direction, shape, area
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Map Projections, (cont’d) Figure 1.10 Comparison of map projections
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.14 – Cartogram & Choropleth Map demonstrates global spatial inequality of all people living on US$10 or less a day. Cartogram distorts spatial area relative to the spatial data portrayed on the Map . Figure 1.13 GIS technology used to map land cover – Choropleth Map Go to: http://Nationalatlas.gov & create this map & print the legend. Map Types
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Census data combined with commercial data for market research in NYC – layers of spatial data used to create distinct maps for a specific purpose. GIS Applications • Geodemographic research
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Spatial Analysis • Absolute Location – fixed coordinates of latitude and longitude – GPS – Global Positioning System – triangulation of latitude & longitude via 3 Satellites • Site and Situation – Physical attributes and relative location – The high elevation topography of Denver, CO & relative location near other major urban areas Figure 1.16 Denver, Colorado is a major center for cable TV because of site and situation
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.17 Detail of Washington DC depends on this person’s experiences and perception Spatial Analysis, (cont’d) • Cognitive images (mental maps) – Based on perception and experience
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Space – Absolute or relative – Cognitive space – Topological space (connectivity) Spatial Analysis, (cont’d) • Distance – Absolute or relative – Cognitive distance – “Everything is related to everything else” – Friction of distance – Distance-decay
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.18 Metro map of Milan, Italy is a topological map showing connectivity between points in the city. Spatial Analysis, (cont’d) • Accessibility – Opportunity for interaction – Proximity – Distance and connectivity – Airline hub cities are more accessible than other cities
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Spatial Interaction – Movement and flows of human activity – Places can complement each other – Transferability – Spatial organization of activity is continually changing – Time-space convergence Figure 1.19 The effects of changing transportation technologies, “shrinking” the world Spatial Analysis, (cont’d)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • Spatial Interaction – Intervening Opportunities determine the volume and pattern of movement and flows. Used in Economic Geography to analyze trade of goods & transportation. • Spatial Diffusion – The ways & frequency of ideas & innovations spread through space and over time. Diffusion of Religion Expansion diffusion – Give an Example – Hierarchical diffusion – a phenomena originates from a major node, such as an Urban center & spreads to other regions Spatial Analysis, (cont’d)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.21 The Mormon cultural region in the Great Basin Region of the U.S. Regional Analysis • Regionalization – Functional regions – Regionalism – Sectionalism – Irredentism • Regions Areas with major defining characteristics: The Mormon Cultural Region – SW U.S.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.22 Landscapes can be symbolic of national identity as this landscape in Tuscany has for Italy Figure 1.24 Picturesque landscape in England emblematic of the nation even though much change has occurred Regional Analysis, (cont’d) • Landscape – Ordinary and Symbolic – Many layers of meaning
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.25 Routine encounters in Italy help develop a sense of community Figure 1.26 Community art helps create a sense of place in San Francisco Regional Analysis, (cont’d) • Sense of Place – Insiders and life world – Inter-subjectivity Inter-subjectivity – the sense that we know what we know, our daily interactions with each other at home, school, work, and places.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.27 This German town was once a prosperous regional center, but now is isolated and economically disadvantaged Geographical Imagination • Allows us to understand geographic change • Places and regions represent the cumulative legacy of successive periods of change – General effects and unique outcomes
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.E “SoFi” was redeveloped with exclusive, resortlike condominium towers and became a playground for the young and affluent. Figure 1.D South Beach, Miami embodies the layered legacy of successive waves of development and change. Art Deco architecture reflects the past. Geographical Imagination, (cont’d)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. End of Chapter 1