Ch01 introduction to_human_geography

Introduction to Human
Geography
Chapter 1

What is Human Geography?
Key Question:

Human Geography
• The study of how people make places, how
we organize space and society, how we
interact with each other in places and across
space, and how we make sense of others
and ourselves in our locality, region, and
world.

Geographers use fieldwork to understand
linkages among places and to see the
complexities of issues
Why do
Kenyans grow
tea and coffee
instead of cash
crops?
What factors
contribute to a
country being
“well fed?”

Globalization
A set of processes that are:
- increasing interactions
- deepening relationships
- heightening
interdependence
without regard to
country borders.
A set of outcomes that are:
- unevenly distributed
- varying across scales
- differently manifested
throughout the world.

Geographic changes in pictures
Change over time….

What are Geographic
Questions?
Key Question:

Geographic inquiry
focuses on the spatial:
- the spatial arrangement of places and
phenomena (human and physical).
- how are things organized on Earth?
- how do they appear on the landscape?
-Why are some things found in certain places and not in others?
-How do characteristics of a certain place shape what happens?
-To what extent do things in one place influence those in other
places?
- THE “WHY OF WHERE” AND “SO WHAT”
Look for patterns….

Map # 1 Top Ten
(hint: resources)

Map 4 Top Ten
(hint: recreation)

Map 5 Top Ten
(hint: recreation/sport)

Map 8
(hint: public education
punishment)

Map 9
(hint: defeated proposed US
Constitutional Amendment)

Alaska: 0
Hawaii: 0
4
4
15
1
1
DC: 2
3
7
1
16
21
5
1
26
2
1
2
4
2
5
5
7
7
4
3
24
2
7
4
5
8
2 5
2
9
5
Bavaria: 1
Canada: 2
Guatemala: 1
Honduras: 1
Italy: 1
Mexico: 1
Norway: 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
Map 13: Professional Sports
(Hint: NFL)

Map 1
Ten Nation-States with the cheapest price
per gallon of gasoline

Map 2
Top Ten States with the Most
WalMarts per 1, 000, 000 people

Map 3
Internet Connections in 1969

Map 4
Top Ten States with the Most Ski
Resorts

Map 5
Top Ten States with the Most
Hunters (based on days used for hunting)

Map 7
Population: One Billion People
Living in Each Color

Map 8
States Where Spanking Is Still
Legal in Public Schools

Map 9
States That Did Not Ratify the
Equal Rights Amendment

Map 10
Countries That Do Not Use the
Metric System

Map 11
Top Ten States with the
Highest percentage of
Country Music Radio
Stations

Map 12
Countries with Internet
Restrictions

Alaska: 0
Hawaii: 0
4
4
15
1
1
DC: 2
3
7
1
16
21
5
1
26
2
1
2
4
2
5
5
7
7
4
3
24
2
7
4
5
8
2 5
2
9
5
Bavaria: 1
Canada: 2
Guatemala: 1
Honduras: 1
Italy: 1
Mexico: 1
Norway: 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
Map 13
Number of players (per state) in the
Pro Football Hall of Fame

• How did Doctor Snow use spatial distribution
to solve a Cholera outbreak in the Soho
District of London in 1854?

Maps, maps, maps
8/28/14
• Medical Geography & Audio Clip
• 5 Themes of Geography
• Perceptions of places we’ve never been
• Changing landscapes
• Work on Guided notes or vocab

Medical Geography
Cholera:
•An ancient disease associated with diarrhea
and dehydration
•Was confined to India until 1816
•Spread to China, Japan, East Africa, and
Mediterranean Europe in the first of several
pandemics: worldwide outbreaks
•Second pandemic: 1826–1837: North America
•Third pandemic: 1842–1862: England and North
America
•Recent epidemics – 1991 in Peru,2006 – Angola,
2010 in West Africa & Haiti

Spatial distribution
What processes create and sustain the pattern of a distribution?
Map of Cholera Victims
in London’s Soho District
in 1854.
The patterns of victim’s
homes and water pump
locations helped uncover
the source of the disease.
Salmonella Outbreaks 8/28/14

Thursday, September 3, 2015
Agenda:
Notes on 5 themes and types of maps
Create autobiographical mental map

Five Themes of Geography
• Location- position of things and how it affects
what happens and why
– Location theory
• Why are villages, towns and cities spaced the way
they are?
• What factors would you consider when deciding where
to put an 8 screen movie theatre in your town?
• Human-Environment – interactions
– Map of FL – Army Corps of Engineers alteration
of Everglades and Kissimmee river

• Region – concentration of features or
phenonmena
• Place- special characteristics and meaning
of places
– Sense of Place – meaning, emotion,
important events, labeling w/ certain character
– Perceptions of Place – never been but
through books, movies, stories & pictures
– If you could move to any place in the U.S.,
Where would you go, why?

Where Pennsylvanian
students prefer to live
Where Californian
students prefer to live
Perception
of Place

• Movement – mobility of people, goods &
ideas
– Spatial interaction between places depends
on:
• Distance
• Accessibility
• Transportation & communication

• Landscape
– cultural landscape -visible imprint of human
activity on the landscape
– Sequent occupancy – cultural succession and
its lasting imprint
• When do major changes occur?
– After war, invention, depression, foreign occupance

Cultural Landscape
The visible human imprint on the landscape.
Religion and
cremation
practices diffuse
with Hindu
migrants from
India to Kenya.

Sequent Occupance
Layers of imprints in a cultural landscape that
reflect years of differing human activity.
Athens, Greece
ancient Agora
surrounded by
modern buildings

Sequent Occupance
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
African, Arab, German, British, and Indian layers to the city.
Apartment in Mumbai, India Apartment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Chapter 1 Quiz #2
1. A computer scientist, an engineer and a
geographer walk into a bar…other than
having a drink, what are they doing there?
Describe in detail.
2. Describe the different scales maps can be
drawn using. Why is it important to
recognize scale when studying mapped
data?

Why do Geographers use Maps,
and What do Maps Tell Us?
Key Question:

Two Types of Maps:
Reference Maps
- Show locations of places
and geographic features
- Absolute locations
What are reference maps
used for?
Thematic Maps
- Tell a story about the
degree of an attribute, the
pattern of its distribution,
or its movement.
- Relative locations – a
place in relation to other
human and physical
features
What are thematic maps
used for?

Thematic
Map
What story about
median income
in the
Washington, DC
area is this map
telling?

Mental Maps:
maps we carry in our minds of places we
have been and places we have heard of.
Mental Maps demonstrate what is important or memorable to
each person and their activity space
Activity Spaces:
the places we travel to routinely in our
rounds of daily activity.
How are activity spaces and mental maps related?

Geographic
Information
System:
a collection of
computer hardware
and software that
permits storage and
analysis of layers of
spatial data.

Remote Sensing:
a method of
collecting data by
instruments that
are physically
distant from the
area of study
(satellite, airplanes,
weather balloons)

Why are Geographers Concerned
with Scale and Connectedness?
Key Question:

Scale
Scale is the territorial extent of something.
The observations we make and the context
we see vary across scales, such as:
- local
- regional
- national
- global

Scale is a powerful concept because:
- Processes operating at different scales
influence one another.
- What is occurring across scales provides
context for us to understand a
phenomenon.
- People can use scale politically to change
who is involved or how an issue is
perceived.
- e.g. Zapatistas rescale their movement
- e.g. laws jump scales, ignoring cultural differences

Regions
Formal region: defined by a commonality,
typically a cultural linkage or a physical
characteristic.
e.g. German speaking region of Europe
Functional region: defined by a set of social,
political, or economic activities or the
interactions that occur within it.
e.g. an urban area

Regions
Perceptual Region: ideas in our minds, based
on accumulated knowledge of places and
regions, that define an area of “sameness”
or “connectedness.”
e.g. the South
the Mid-Atlantic
the Middle East

• Lets do a Perceptual map of the United
States using certain words:

Agenda:
•Turn in Mental Maps
•Notes on Diffusion
•TED talks “Social Networks predicts
Epidemics” – Summary Sheet
•Diffusion Practice
Announcements:
•Unit 1 Study Guide – will get tomorrow
•Vocab, Study Guide due and Test on Thursday

Culture
Culture is an all-encompassing term that
identifies not only the whole tangible
lifestyle of peoples, but also their
prevailing values and beliefs.
- cultural trait
- cultural complex (combination of traits)
- cultural hearth (birthplace of trait)

Connectedness
Diffusion: the process of dissemination,
the spread of an idea or innovation
from its hearth to other areas.
What slows/prevents diffusion?
- time-distance decay
- cultural barriers

Connectedness through Diffusion
•Expansion diffusion: when an innovation or
idea develops in a hearth and remains strong
there while also spreading outward.
•Contagious diffusion: a form of expansion
diffusion in which nearly all adjacent
individuals and places are affected. Ex: new
lingo
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Types of Diffusion

• Hierarchical diffusion – the spread of
ideas to those who are susceptible to (or
adopting) what is being diffused. Ex: Crocs
footwear.
• Stimulus diffusion: When part of an idea is
adopted by a receiving population
Types of Diffusion

Stimulus
Diffusion
Because Hindus believe cows are
holy, cows often roam the streets in
villages and towns. The McDonalds
restaurants in India feature veggie
burgers.

Types of Diffusion
• Relocation diffusion –
movement of individuals who
carry an idea or innovation
with them to a new, perhaps
distant locale.
Photo credit: A.B. MurphyPhoto credit: H.J. de Blij
Kenya
Paris, France

nicholas_christakis_how_social_networks_predict_epidemics

• Notes on Human-Environmental
Interaction
• Rain of Terror Activity – 2-3 people in a
group – presentations first thing tomorrow.
Reminders:
• Vocab, Study Guide and Unit 1 Test on
Thursday

Geographic Concepts
Ways of seeing the world spatially that are
used by geographers in answering research
questions.

Old Approaches to
Human-Environment Questions:
• Environmental Determinism (has
been rejected by almost all
geographers) – Environment dictates
human behavior
• Possibilism (less accepted today)
natural environment limits the range
of choices of lifestyle

• Cultural ecology: concerned with culture as a
system of adaptation to and alteration of
environment
• Political ecology: concerned with the
environmental consequences of dominant
political economic arrangements and
understandings
New Approach

21st
Century Human – Environment Interaction
Ultimately, today…
Humans have the means and
technology to alter the environment
much more than the environment can
alter human behavior.

Chapter 1 Quiz #3
What factors can slow down the
diffusion of a cultural trait? Explain in
detail.

Culture
Culture is an all-encompassing term that
identifies not only the whole tangible lifestyle
of peoples, but also their prevailing values
and beliefs.
- cultural trait
- cultural complex (combination of traits)
- cultural hearth (birthplace of trait)

Connectedness
Diffusion: the process of dissemination, the
spread of an idea or innovation from its
hearth to other areas.
What slows/prevents diffusion?
- time-distance decay
- cultural barriers

Types of Diffusion
• Expansion Diffusion – idea or innovation
spreads outward from the hearth
•Contagious – spreads adjacently
•Hierarchical – spreads to most linked people or
places first.
•Stimulus – idea promotes a local experiment or
change in the way people do things.

Types of Diffusion
• Relocation diffusion –
movement of individuals who carry
an idea or innovation with them to a
new, perhaps distant locale.
Photo credit: A.B. MurphyPhoto credit: H.J. de Blij
Kenya
Paris, France

• Notes on Human-Environmental
Interaction
• Rain of Terror Activity – 3-4 people in a
group – presentations first thing tomorrow.
Reminders:
• Vocab, Study Guide and Unit 1 Test on
Thursday

Group Numbers
• Group # 1 – Numbers 1-4

Ch01 introduction to_human_geography

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