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Uploaded byMounika Siruvuru
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THERMAL IMAGING

Thermal imaging cameras detect infrared radiation emitted by objects and produce images based on that radiation. They allow users to visualize differences in temperature that are invisible to the naked eye. The document discusses the principles and applications of thermography, including using it for electrical inspections to detect potential problems like loose connections. It provides examples of exceptions found during inspections and a priority scale for when repairs are needed. Thermal imaging has various uses in fields like firefighting, building inspections, manufacturing, and medical and military applications. It is a non-contact, rapid way to scan objects and infrastructure.

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Submitted By S.MOUNIKA G.MADHULIKA (4/4ece) gitam univerity THERMAL IMAGING
Infrared Radiation Wavelength is longer than visible light. Infrared waves are not visible to the eye Infra red waves are emitted by low energy electrons jumping in atoms. Their wavelength ranges from 1mm to 10-7 m and frequency from 1011 to 4x1014 Hz.
What is Thermography? Infra Red Thermography is a technique for producing a visible image of invisible (to our eyes) infra red radiation emitted by objects due to their thermal conditions
Infrared Thermography • An Infrared Camera Senses Infrared Radiation • A Processor In The Camera Assigns Color To The Infrared Radiation-Different Color Equals Different Temperature • Enabling Us To Visualize The Thermal World
Why Thermography? • Non Contact • Rapid Scanning • Data can be recorded in differing formats • Images produced are comprehensive & reliable
Test Equipment • Hand held portable camera • Battery Powered • Operating at correct wavelength • Range…..-20°c to +1500°c • Sensitivity…..0.1°c at 30°c • Real time display • Image Recording capability
Construction A handheld thermal imaging camera
Usage View of a fire apparatus tire through a thermal imaging camera
How Thermal Imaging Works?
You can see everything during the day But at night, you can see very little Thermal Imaging lets you see again
Principles of Operation • Object radiates infra red radiation • Temperature difference • Differences are detected and displayed visually • Emissivity values must be observed
E Emissivity Thermogram of a snake held by a Human
Reporting – In Practice Digital Image Thermal Image Excess heat = potential problem Data capture and input on site Pen Tablet Instantaneous reporting Build Inventory list during inspection or pre-load from excel Web-Based Software Detailed Problem IdentificationAdding Real Value Theory Equals Practice
Electrical Inspection Items • Transformer – Pad Mount – Dry – Overhead • Service Entrance • Main Switchgear • Motor Control Centers • Disconnects • Bus Duct • Distribution Panels • Control Panels • Rectifiers • Drives • Capacitor Banks • Any Electrical Connection
Benefits of Periodic Electrical Infrared Inspections • Predictive Maintenance...Allows Scheduling Of Repairs, Forward Buying • Reduces Downtime… Find It, Repair It, Before It Blows Up and Stops Production
Benefit of Electrical Infrared Inspections • "...From a return on investment perspective, infrared inspection programs have proven that on average for every $1 spent on infrared electrical inspections, there is a $4 return on investment for materials and labor from fixing the problems before it fails..." "Cost/Benefits Analysis of Infrared Programs." Maintenance Technology Magazine June 2001 = $1.00 $4.00
Qualitative Infrared Electrical Inspection Exceptions: are abnormally warm components that may be a potential problem. Exceptions are usually identified by comparing the thermal patterns of like components. Qualitative Inspection: The practice of gathering information about an electrical system by observing infrared radiation, recording findings, analyzing findings, and presenting that information.
Exception Analysis Below is an exception. One of the conductor terminals is hot. Hot Terminal Temperature…..203F Left Terminal Temperature….156F Temperature difference is …… 47F 119.7°F 179.5°F 120 140 160 AR01 SP01 When should you repair this exception?
Exception Repair Priority Criteria Priority 0 Temperature Difference 10F or Less No Corrective Measures Required At This Time. Priority 4 Temperature Difference Over 100F Corrective Measures Required Immediately Priority 3 Temperature Difference 30F to 100F Corrective Measures Required As Soon As Possible Priority 2 Temperature Difference 20F to 30F Corrective Measures Required As Scheduling Permits Priority 1 Temperature Difference 10F to 20F Corrective Measures Required At Next Maintenance Period
Exception Example #1 Breaker Load Hot Spot Temperature….71F Reference Temperature…55F Temperature Difference..16F Repair Priority 0 No Corrective Measures Required At This Time 92.6°F 119.1°F 95 100 105 110 115 Breaker Load A-105 amps B-150 amps C-167 amps
Exception Example #2 Arrestor Pad Mount Transformer Hot Spot Temperature….92F Reference Temperature...58F Temperature Difference..32F Ambient Temperature….45F Repair Priority 3 Corrective Measures Required As Soon As Possible
Exception Example #3 Main Switchboard Fused Switch Hot Spot Temperature...311F Reference Temperature..151F Temperature Difference...160F Repair Priority 4 Corrective Measures Required Immediately 118.9°F 245.4°F 120 140 160 180 200 220 240AR01 SP01
Thermal Picture Pad-Mount Cooling Fins In this case the exception is cold 84.1°F 120.7°F 90 100 110 120
Some Uses Of Infrared Thermography • Electrical Inspections Hot Connections Failing Components Overloaded Circuits • Fire Hot Spots People Rescue • Building Thermal Envelope Roof Leaks • Military Detection in darkness • Mechanical Inspections Motors, Bearings, Drives, Steam Systems, Boilers • Medical Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) • Manufacturing Processes Plastics Carpet Heat/Chilling Processes • Mill Operations Slag Detection • Police Work Fugitive Search Drug Enforcement Missing Persons Search • Animal Equine Hot Joints Ligaments
PASSIVE VS. ACTIVE THERMOGRAPHY Thermal Imaging camera and Screen
Advantages • Non Contact • Non Intrusive • Can work at a distance • Fast and Reliable • Portable • Convincing Results
TRANSFORMERS • Electrical connections • Insulators • Thermal profile • Operating temperature • Liquid Level
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS Used for the detection of; • Corroded connections • Slack / loose connectors • Connectors at too high an operating temperature • Hot spots
REFRACTORY LININGS • Torpedo ladles • Boilers • Furnaces • Exhausts • Ducting • Kilns
BUILDING SURVEYS • Lack of insulation • Cold air infiltration Draughts • Moisture traps • Hot / warm air escaping • Structural Integrity • Heating / Cooling
Process Plant • Hot spots • Cold spots (Cryogenics) • Damaged or missing insulation • Tank levels • Corrosion surveys • Ensuring valve operation • Leaks • Blockages
MISCELLANEOUS • The detection of process or manufacturing faults • Can be used as a quality control tool
LIMITATIONS • Non Intrinsically safe • There must be a temperature difference for certain surveys • Operator experience is essential • Filters may be needed for certain applications • Only able to detect directly surface temperatures
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT On preparing this presentation on “E-NOSE” we have gained quite some knowledge on this topic which we were unaware of before. We found it quite interesting and would like to explore more about it in the future.
1. Infrared Spectroscopy Fundamentals and Applications- Barbara Stuart John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Wiley Publications 2. Practical Applications of Infrared Techniques –Ricardo Venzetti 3. Thermal Imaging Techniques-P.E.Glaser 4. Breckon, T.; Gaszczak, A., Han, J., (2011). "Real-time People and Vehicle Detection from UAV Imagery". Proc. SPIE Conference Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision XXVIII: Algorithms and Techniques 7878. doi:10.1117/12.876663
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