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Systems and network architectures

This document discusses network architecture and concepts. It defines network architecture as a conceptual model that structures a system and its behavior. A network architecture consists of clients, applications, storage, network components, servers, and databases that work together. It also discusses network addressing schemes, routing, and network management protocols and mechanisms.

Engineering◦
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 It is a conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of a system.  Also known as ‘Enterprise Architecture’  It is a superset of network architecture.  It consists of following functions:  Clients  Applications  Storage  Network  Servers  Databases.
relationships clients application s storage network Servers Database s
 Network architecture is an identifier used to locate a device(host) on the network.  IP address  dotted decimal notation.  Example :  192.168.155.0  192.168.155.0
addresses Local Global Private Public Tempor ary Perman ent/ persiste nt
Address Type Meaning Local Address Identify locally – LAN/ SUBNET/ETHERNET Global Address Identify Globally/World Wide – WAN network Private Address Used in NAT – Network Address Translation(individual) Public Address Used in Public Internet(static/dynamic) Temporary Address Assigned for short term duration of time. Persistent Address Assigned for long term duration of time.
 Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network.  the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination  Example :  Routing Protocols:  RIP – Routing Information Protocol  RIP v2 - Routing Information Protocol Version 2.0  OSPF – Open Shortest Path – First  BGP – Border Gateway Protocol.
 Sub-netting & Super-netting,  Variable-length Sub-netting,  Dynamic Addressing,  Private Addressing,  Virtual Lans (Vlans),  Ipv6, And  Network Address Translation (Nat).
 Switching And Routing,  Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR):  Multicasts,  Mobile IP,  Route Filtering/Peering/Routing/policies  Confederations( IGP, EGP)
 CLASSFULL ADDRESSING :  Class A,B,C,D,E.
 To Scale the network Addressing we will use the number of  Functional areas within the network.  Workgroups within each function area  Subnets within each workgroup  Total numbers of subnets(current & future) Organization  Total Number of Devices(current & future)
 Routing strategies Such as  Process of times  Protocol overheads: (Static And Dynamic protocol)  In terms of capacity(bandwidth)  CPU – Utilization  Memory - Utilization  Stability.
 Some Recommendations for choosing and applying routing protocols for the network. These recommendations are: Minimize the number of routing protocols used in the network. Start with the routing mechanism/ protocol. Routing choices of routing protocols increase. Revaluated the previous decisions.
 NETWORK MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS:  There are two major network management protocols:  The Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP).  The Common Management Information Protocol(CMIP).  These two protocols provide the mechanism for  RETRIEVING , CHANGING(MODIFY) AND TRANSPORT the network management data across the network.
Monitoring is obtaining values for • End to End. • Per Link • Per Element. Monitoring process involves • Collecting data. • Processing data. • Storing data.
 Instrumentation is the set of tools and utilities needed to monitor and management the data.  Instrumentation mechanisms are:  Access to network management data VIA SNMP(MIB).  Monitoring tools(Ping, Traceroute, TCPdump)(remote)  Direct Access(TelNet,FTP)  Instrumentation can be coupled with MONITORING, DISPLAY, PROCESSING AND STORAGE to form a complete management system.
• Configuration is setting parameters in a network device. • Used to Operation and control the element. • Configuration mechanisms: • Includes • DIRECT ACCESS to devices, • REMOTE ACCESS to devices, • DOWNLOADING configuration files.
• Downloading Configuration Files: • Use of FTP to download configuration files. • SNMP set commands. • Telnet and command line interface (CLI) Access. • Access via HTTP. • Access Via CORBA(Common Object Request Architecture)  Telnet is a network protocol  used on the Internet or Local Area Networks.  To provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual terminal connection.
 PERFORMANCE ARCHITECTURE:  To provide  single – Tier performance.  Multi – Tier performance in a network. These mechanisms provide the means • to identify traffic flows, groups of flows. • Measure temporal characteristics.
 It is the overall performance of a computer network, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network.  QoS, is determining, setting, and acting upon priority l Quality Of Service:
 (SLAs) are informal or formal contracts between a Service - provider and Service – Requester.  Policies are sets (formal or informal) of high- level statements about how network Resources / Services /Access Permissions are to be allocated among users.
 The heart of providing performance in a network.  These mechanisms are usually implemented in network devices such as ROUTERS AND SWITCHES
 It is process of determining which user , application, device, flow or connection gets service.  Or Gets a higher level of service.  It begins during the requirements and flow analysis process.
 It consists of two mechanisms:  admission control:  Ability to refuse/restrict access to network resources.  traffic conditioning:  It is a set of mechanisms that modify(increase/decrease) performance to traffic flows. VOIP : voice over IP SIP : Session Initiation protocol.
 Scheduling is the mechanism  Determines the order in which traffic is processed for transmission.  It is applied at network devices throughout a network.  Network Devices such as : Switches/ Routers.  Algorithms:  Weighted Fair Queuing(WFQ)  Class Based Queuing(CBQ)
 Sorting IP packets within a network device while they waif for processing.  The queuing mechanisms are:  First In First Out(FIFO)- packets stored in a single queue.  Weighted Fair Queuing(WFQ)-Assigns priorities to queues.  Class Based Queuing(CBQ) - multiple queues with differing priorities are maintained.  Random early detect(RED)- Drop packets early.  Weighted RED(WRED)- supports multiple levels for dropping packets.
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