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Solar photovoltaic system

This document describes the components and operation of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. It discusses PV cells, modules, panels and arrays, and how they are connected in series and parallel. It also covers batteries, charge controllers, inverters and different applications of solar PV systems, including solar lanterns, home lighting, and street lighting. The document provides details on the materials used in PV cells, benefits of solar PV systems, and color coding of wires. It concludes that the practical training enhanced the author's technical knowledge of solar PV systems, components, and applications.

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“SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM” SUBMITTED TO:- GUIDED BY:- SUBMITTED BY:- MR. VIRENDRA SWAMI MR. VIRENDRA SWAMI MAYANK PATEL MAHARSHI ARVIND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTER OCTOBER, 2016 College of Engineering and Research Centre
CONTENT  INTRODUCTION  PV CELL  MATERIAL USED IN PV CELL  PV MODULE  PV PANEL  PV ARRAY  BENEFITS OF SPV SYSTEMS  ARRAYS IN PARALLE  ARRAYS IN SERIES  BATTERIES  CHARGE CONTROLLERS  INVERTERS  SOLAR LANTERNS  COLOR DODE OF WIRES  HOME LIGHTING SYSTEM  STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM  CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION Solar PV system Convert solar radiation (Photons) into electricity. PV systems use PV cells , typically made of crystalline silicon. No moving parts, noise or emissions. A Photovoltaic (PV) system is an electrical system consisting of and array of one or more PV modules, conductors, electrical components, and one or more loads.
PV CELL  A cell is basic building block of a manufacturer of solar modules.  The fundamental physics of the material used determines the voltage of a cell and the size determine the current.  This is the smallest unit in the solar PV system. SOLAR CELL
MATERIAL USED IN PV CELL  There are many materials used to make Solar cells, but the most common is the Silicon.  Silicon is second most abundant Element in the earth’s crust it is therefore Non-toxic and safe.  This is the same silicon That is used to make computer chips! Some Of the processing steps involved in making Solar cell are same as making computer Chips.
PV MODULE  A module is really a basic building for real world remote power system.  It is the collections of cells interconnected by usually that wire, and includes encapsulations to protect the cells and interconnecting wire from corrosion and impact.  It usually includes a frame to allow easy mountings. PV MODULE
PV PANEL  A panel is a collection of modules physically and electrically grouped together on a structure.  This would be a building block for larger power systems.  Usually the modules are wired together on the panel to give the final system voltage and the panels are wired together through field junction boxes and then on to the system controls and batteries. PV PANEL
PV ARRAY  An array is a full collection of all solar photovoltaic generators.  Sometimes an array is so larger that is grouped in to SUBARRAYS for easier installations and power management.  An array can be small as one module and as large as 1,00,000 modules. PV ARRAY
BENEFITS OF SPV SYSTEMS  Energy independence the most attractive benefit of SPV system, which means to create your own electrical power.  “fuel” is already delivered every where which means you need sunlight as a fuel.  Minimum maintenance because there are few moving parts.  Maximum reliability because they give more output compare to other power system.  Easy expandability because you can make it to give more output by increasing arrays.
ARRAYS IN PARALLEL  When wiring solar panels in parallel, the amperage (current) is additive, but the voltage remains the same. eg. If you had 3 solar panels in parallel and each was rated at 6 volts and 3 amps, the entire array would be 6 volts and 9 amps.  The connection is very easy, just connect positive terminal of one panel to the positive terminal of the other and negative terminal of one panel to the negative terminal of second panel
ARRAYS IN SERIES  When wiring solar panels in series, the voltage is additive, but the current remains the same. eg. If you had 3 solar panels in parallel and each was rated at 5v,7v and 9v volts and 3 amps, the entire array would be 21 volts and 3 amps.  The connection is very easy, just connect positive terminal of one panel to the negative terminal of the other
BATTERIES  The understood component of the SPV systems is batteries.  These are of two types primary and secondary. Primary are non- rechargeable and secondary are rechargeable.  Primary batteries are not used in SPV systems because they cannot be recharged.  Secondary batteries can store and deliver electrical energy, and can also be recharged by passing a current through it in an opposite direction.  Therefore, secondary batteries are the only option in SPV systems.
BATTERY CAPACITY Battery capacity is a measure of a battery’s ability to store or deliver electrical energy, commonly expressed in units of ampere-hours. An ampere-hour is equal to the transfer of one ampere over one hour.
CHARGE CONTROLLERS  The charge controllers is the energy manager in stand alone SPV systems, which ensures that the battery is cycled under the conditions which do not reduce its ability to deliver its rated capacity over its expected lifeline.  Whenever batteries are included in the system, the additional facility must be built in, that will protect against overuse, the protection is given by charge controllers.  These are also known as charge regulators.
PRIMARY FUNCTINON OF CHARGE CONTROLLERS The primary function of the charge controllers in a stand alone SPV system is to protect the battery from over- charge or over-discharge. lack of controller may result in shortened battery lifetime and decrease load availability. PV ARRAY CHARGE CONTROLLE R BATTERY LOAD
INVERTERS  A solar inverter converts the variable (DC) output of PV solar panel in to a utility frequency (AC) that can be fed in to a commercial electrical grid or used by a local off- grid electrical network.  These are also known as converter or PV inverters.
SOLAR LANTERNS CFL BASED:  A solar photovoltaic (SPV) lantern (solar lantern) is a lighting system consisting of a lamp, battery and electronics, all placed in a suitable housing made of metal or plastic or fiber glass, and a PV module.  Electricity generated by the PV module charges the battery. The lantern is portable lighting device suitable for either indoor or outdoor lighting. Covering a full range of 360.
LED BASED:  A solar photovoltaic (SPV) lantern (solar lantern) is a lighting system consisting of a W-LED’s, battery and electronics, all placed in a suitable housing made of metal or plastic or fiber glass, and a PV module.  Electricity generated by the PV module charges the battery. The lantern is portable lighting device suitable for either indoor or outdoor lighting. White LED is a solid state device which emits light when an electric current passes through it.
COLOR CODE OF WIRES Wire AC (below 600 volts) DC (below 600 volts) Neutral or Ground White or Gray White Hot (high side) Black, Red, Blue or Yellow Black or Red Equipment ground or grounding Green or Green with yellow stripes Green or Green with yellow stripes In PV systems NEC(national electrical code) specifies the color code of wires.
HOME LIGHTING SYSTEM  A solar home lighting system (SHS), converts solar energy into electrical energy and provides a comfortable level of illumination in one or more rooms of a house.  There are several (SHS) models featuring one, two or three CFL’s. the system could also be used to run a small DC fan or a 12 V DC television along with the CFL’s.  All the models of solar home lighting systems should be designed to operate for 3-4 hours daily. The actual duration of lighting could vary depending on the location and season.
STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM  A stand alone SPV street lighting system is an outdoor lighting used for illuminating an street or an open area.  It consist of PV modules, CFL’s, lead acid battery, control electronics, inter connecting wires/cables, module mounting pole including hardware and battery box.  The CFL is fixed inside the reflecting case (luminary) which is mounted on the pole. The PV module is placed at the top of the pole at an angle to maximize incident solar radiation. A battery is placed In a box attached to the pole. The module is mounted facing south as it receives solar radiations throughout the day without any shadow falling on it.
CONCLUSION This practical training enhances our technical knowledge. We get to know about different technologies, items, and materials used in SPV system. And their daily use. We get to know that how they are manufactured and rated also studied their functions and concept behind them. This will also help us in our future and in our placements also. It was a very interesting and knowledgement training and it was a great opportunity to be a part of it.
THANK YOU