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Separation techniques

This document discusses several methods for separating mixtures, including filtration, distillation, chromatography, centrifugation, and evaporation. Filtration separates solids from liquids by passing a mixture through filter paper. Distillation boils a liquid mixture and condenses the vapor to separate components based on differences in boiling points. Chromatography separates substances based on differences in solubility in solvents. Centrifugation uses rapid spinning to separate mixtures based on density.

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Methods of Separating Mixtures • Magnet • Filter • Decant • Evaporation • Centrifuge • Chromatography • Distillation
Filtration separates a liquid from a solid Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40 Mixture of solid and liquid Stirring rod Filtrate (liquid component of the mixture) Filter paper traps solid Funnel
Paper Chromatography
Chromatography: Separates substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent.
Setup to heat a solution Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 42 Ring stand Beaker Wire gauze Ring Bunsen burner
The solution is boiled and steam is driven off. Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39
Distillation Apparatus Salt remains after all water is boiled off. Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39
No chemical change occurs when salt water is distilled. Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40 Saltwater solution (homogeneous mixture) Distillation (physical method) Salt Pure water
Separation of a sand-saltwater mixture. Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40
Centrifugation • Spin sample very rapidly: denser materials go to bottom (outside) • Separate blood into serum and plasma – Plasma = less dense – Erythrocytes = red blood cells • Check for anemia (lack of iron)
Water Molecules Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 8
The decomposition of two water molecules. 2 H2O  O2 + 2 H2 Electric current Water molecules Diatomic Diatomic oxygen molecule hydrogen molecules+