Sect1 5

Sect1 5

• 1.
  SECTION 1.5 LINEAR FIRST-ORDEREQUATIONS 1. ( ) ρ = exp ∫ 1 dx = e x ; ( Dx y ⋅ e x = 2e x ; ) y ⋅ e x = 2e x + C ; y ( x) = 2 + Ce − x y (0) = 0 implies C = − 2 so y ( x) = 2 − 2e − x 2. ρ = exp ( ∫ (−2) dx ) = e −2 x ; ( Dx y ⋅ e −2 x = 3; ) y ⋅ e −2 x = 3 x + C ; y ( x) = (3 x + C )e2 x y (0) = 0 implies C = 0 so y ( x) = 3x e 2 x 3. ρ = exp ( ∫ 3 dx ) = e 3x ; ( Dx y ⋅ e3 x = 2 x; ) y ⋅ e3 x = x 2 + C ; y ( x ) = ( x 2 + C ) e −3 x 4. ρ = exp ( ∫ (−2 x) dx ) = e − x2 ; ( Dx y ⋅ e − x 2 ) = 1; y ⋅ e− x = x + C; 2 y ( x ) = ( x + C )e x 2 5. ρ = exp ( ∫ (2 / x) dx ) = e 2ln x = x2 ; ( ) Dx y ⋅ x 2 = 3x 2 ; y ⋅ x 2 = x3 + C y( x) = x + C / x2 ; y (1) = 5 implies C = 4 so y ( x) = x + 4 / x 2 6. ρ = exp ( ∫ (5 / x) dx ) = e 5ln x = x5 ; ( ) Dx y ⋅ x 5 = 7 x 6 ; y ⋅ x5 = x 7 + C y( x) = x 2 + C / x5 ; y (2) = 5 implies C = 32 so y ( x) = x 2 + 32 / x 5 7. ρ = exp ( ∫ (1/ 2 x) dx ) = e (ln x ) / 2 = x; ( Dx y ⋅ x = 5; ) y ⋅ x = 5x + C y( x) = 5 x + C / x 8. ρ = exp ( ∫ (1/ 3x) dx ) = e (ln x ) / 3 = 3 x; ( Dx y ⋅ 3 x = 4 3 x ; ) y ⋅ 3 x = 3x4 / 3 + C y ( x ) = 3 x + Cx −1/ 3 9. ρ = exp ( ∫ (−1/ x) dx ) = e − ln x = 1/ x; Dx ( y ⋅1/ x ) = 1/ x; y ⋅1/ x = ln x + C y ( x ) = x ln x + C x; y (1) = 7 implies C = 7 so y ( x) = x ln x + 7 x 10. ρ = exp ( ∫ (−3 / 2 x) dx ) = e ( −3ln x ) / 2 = x −3/ 2 ; ( ) Dx y ⋅ x −3/ 2 = 9 x1/ 2 / 2; y ⋅ x −3/ 2 = 3x 3/ 2 + C Section 1.5 1
• 2.
  y ( x)= 3 x 3 + Cx 3/ 2 11. ρ = exp ( ∫ (1/ x − 3) dx ) = e ln x −3 x = x e −3 x ; ( Dx y ⋅ x e −3 x = 0; ) y ⋅ x e −3 x = C y ( x ) = C x −1e3 x ; y (1) = 0 implies C = 0 so y ( x) ≡ 0 (constant) 12. ρ = exp ( ∫ (3 / x) dx ) = e 3 ln x = x3 ; ( Dx y ⋅ x3 = 2 x 7 ; ) y ⋅ x 3 = 1 x8 + C 4 y( x) = 1 4 x 5 + C x −3 ; y (2) = 1 implies C = 56 so y ( x) = 1 4 x 5 + 56 x −3 13. ( ) ρ = exp ∫ 1 dx = e x ; ( Dx y ⋅ e x = e 2 x ; ) y ⋅ e x = 1 e2 x + C 2 y ( x) = 1 2 e x + C e− x ; y (0) = 1 implies C = 1 2 so y ( x) = 1 2 e x + 1 e− x 2 14. ρ = exp ( ∫ (−3/ x) dx ) = e −3ln x = x −3 ; ( Dx y ⋅ x −3 = x −1 ; ) y ⋅ x −3 = ln x + C y ( x) = x 3 ln x + C x 3 ; y (1) = 10 implies C = 10 so y ( x ) = x 3 ln x + 10 x 3 15. ρ = exp ( ∫ 2 x dx ) = e x2 ; ( Dx y ⋅ e x 2 ) = xe x2 ; y ⋅ ex = 1 ex + C 2 2 2 y ( x) = + C e− x ; y (0) = −2 implies C = − 5 so y ( x ) = − 5 e− x 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 16. ρ = exp ( ∫ cos x dx ) = e sin x ; ( ) Dx y ⋅ esin x = esin x cos x; y ⋅ esin x = esin x + C y ( x ) = 1 + C e − sin x ; y (π ) = 2 implies C = 1 so y ( x ) = 1 + e− sin x 17. ( ) ρ = exp ∫ 1/(1 + x) dx = eln(1+ x ) = 1 + x; Dx ( y ⋅ (1 + x )) = cos x; y ⋅ (1 + x ) = sin x + C C + sin x 1 + sin x y( x) = ; y (0) = 1 implies C = 1 so y ( x ) = 1+ x 1+ x 18. ρ = exp ( ∫ (−2 / x) dx ) = e −2ln x = x −2 ; ( Dx y ⋅ x −2 = cos x; ) y ⋅ x −2 = sin x + C y ( x ) = x 2 (sin x + C ) 19. ρ = exp ( ∫ cot x dx ) = e ln(sin x ) = sin x; Dx ( y ⋅ sin x ) = sin x cos x y ⋅ sin x = 1 sin 2 x + C ; 2 y ( x) = 1 2 sin x + C csc x Section 1.5 2
• 3.
  20. ρ = exp ( ∫ (−1 − x) dx ) = e − x − x2 / 2 ; ( Dx y ⋅ e − x − x 2 /2 ) = (1 + x) e − x − x2 / 2 y ⋅ e− x− x = − e− x− x + C; y ( x) = − 1 + C e − x− x 2 2 2 /2 /2 /2 y (0) = 0 implies C = 1 so y ( x ) = − 1 + e − x − x 2 /2 21. ρ = exp ( ∫ (−3 / x) dx ) = e −3ln x = x −3 ; ( Dx y ⋅ x −3 = cos x; ) y ⋅ x −3 = sin x + C y ( x) = x 3 sin x + C x 3 ; y (2π ) = 0 implies C = 0 so y ( x) = x 3 sin x 22. ρ = exp ( ∫ (−2 x) dx ) = e − x2 ; ( Dx y ⋅ e − x 2 ) = 3x ; 2 y ⋅ e− x = x3 + C 2 ( y ( x) = x 3 + C e − x ; ) y (0) = 5 implies C = 5 so y ( x ) = x 3 + 5 e − x ( ) 2 2 23. ρ = exp ( ∫ (2 − 3 / x) dx ) = e 2 x −3ln x = x −3e 2 x ; ( Dx y ⋅ x −3e 2 x = 4 e 2 x ) y ⋅ x −3 e 2 x = 2 e 2 x + C ; y ( x ) = 2 x 3 + C x 3 e −2 x 24. ρ = exp ( ∫ 3x /( x 2 ) + 4) dx = e3ln( x 2 + 4) / 2 = ( x 2 + 4)3/ 2 ; ( ) Dx y ⋅ ( x 2 + 4)3/ 2 = x ( x 2 + 4)1/ 2 y ⋅ ( x 2 + 4)3/ 2 = 1 ( x 2 + 4)3/ 2 + C ; 3 y ( x) = 1 3 + C ( x 2 + 4) −3/ 2 y (0) = 1 implies C = 16 so y ( x) = 3 1 3 + 16 ( x 2 + 4) −3/ 2 3 25. First we calculate + 3x dx = + 3x − 3x # dx = , x + 1 , ! x + 1$ 3 3 2 - 2 - 2 2 x − ln( x 2 + 1) . It follows that ρ = ( x 2 + 1) −3/ 2 exp(3x 2 / 2) and thence that ( Dx y ⋅ ( x 2 + 1) −3/ 2 exp(3x 2 / 2) = 6 x ( x 2 + 4)−5 / 2 , ) −3/ 2 y ⋅ ( x + 1)2 exp(3x / 2) = − 2( x 2 + 4) −3/ 2 + C , 2 y ( x) = − 2 exp(3 x 2 / 2) + C ( x 2 + 1)3/ 2 exp(−3x 2 / 2). Finally, y(0) = 1 implies that C = 3 so the desired particular solution is y ( x ) = − 2 exp(3x 2 / 2) + 3( x 2 + 1)3/ 2 exp(−3 x 2 / 2). Section 1.5 3
• 4.
  26. With x′ = dx / dy , the differential equation is y 3 x′ + 4 y 2 x = 1. Then with y as the independent variable we calculate ρ ( y ) = exp ( ∫ (4 / y) dy ) = e 4ln y = y4; ( ) Dy x ⋅ y 4 = y 1 2 1 C x ⋅ y4 = y + C; x( y ) = 2 + 4 2 2y y 27. With x′ = dx / dy , the differential equation is x′ − x = y e y . Then with y as the independent variable we calculate ρ ( y ) = exp ( ∫ (−1) dy ) = e −y ; ( Dy x ⋅ e − y )= y x ⋅ e− y = 1 2 y 2 + C; x( y ) = ( 1 2 y2 + C ey ) 28. With x′ = dx / dy , the differential equation is (1 + y 2 ) x′ − 2 y x = 1. Then with y as the independent variable we calculate ρ ( y ) = exp ( ∫ (−2 y /(1 + y ) dy ) = e2 − ln( y 2 +1) = (1 + y 2 )−1 ( ) Dy x ⋅ (1 + y 2 )−1 = (1 + y 2 ) −2 An integral table (or trigonometric substitution) now yields x ⌠ dy 1 y  =  =  + tan −1 y + C  1+ y2 ( ) 2  1+ y 2 2 ⌡ 1+ y 2  x( y ) = 1 2  y + 1 + y2  ( )( tan −1 y+C   ) 29. ρ = exp ( ∫ (−2 x) dx ) = e ; − x2 ( Dx y ⋅ e − x 2 )=e − x2 ; y ⋅ e − x = C + ∫ e −t dt 2 x 0 2 y ( x ) = e (C + erf ( x) ) − x2 π 2 30. After division of the given equation by 2x, multiplication by the integrating factor ρ = x–1/2 yields x −1/ 2 y ′ − 1 x −3/ 2 y = x −1/ 2 cos x, 2 2 7 Dx x −1/ 2 y = x −1/ 2 cos x, x −1 / 2 y = C + I 1 x t −1/ 2 cos t dt. Section 1.5 4
• 5.
  The initial conditiony(1) = 0 implies that C = 0, so the desired particular solution is y( x ) = x 1 / 2 I 1 x t −1/ 2 cos t dt . yc = C e ∫ (− P ) = − P yc , so yc + P yc = 0. − P dx 31. (a) ′ ′ − P dx   − P dx y′p = ( − P) e ∫ ⋅ ⌠  Q e ∫  dx  + e ∫ ⋅ Q e ∫ P dx P dx (b)   = − Py p + Q ⌡    32. (a) If y = A cos x + B sin x then y′ + y = ( A + B) cos x + ( B − A)sin x = 2sin x provided that A = –1 and B = 1. These coefficient values give the particular solution yp(x) = sin x – cos x. (b) The general solution of the equation y′ + y = 0 is y(x) = Ce–x so addition to the particular solution found in part (a) gives y(x) = Ce–x + sin x – cos x. (c) The initial condition y(0) = 1 implies that C = 2, so the desired particular solution is y(x) = 2e–x + sin x – cos x. 33. The amount x(t ) of salt (in kg) after t seconds satisfies the differential equation x′ = − x / 200, so x(t ) = 100 e− t / 200 . Hence we need only solve the equation 10 = 100 e − t / 200 for t = 461 sec = 7 min 41 sec (approximately). 34. Let x(t ) denote the amount of pollutants in the lake after t days, measured in millions of cubic feet. Then x(t ) satisfies the linear differential equation dx / dt = 1/ 4 − x /16 with solution x(t ) = 4 + 16 e − t /16 satisfying x(0) = 20. The value of t such that x = 8 is t = 16 ln 4 ≈ 22.2 days. For a complete solution see Example 4 in Section 7.6 of Edwards and Penney, Calculus with Analytic Geometry (5th edition, Prentice-Hall, 1998). 35. The only difference from the Example 4 solution in the textbook is that V = 1640 km3 and r = 410 km3/yr for Lake Ontario, so the time required is V t = ln 4 = 4 ln 4 ≈ 5.5452 years. r 36. (a) The volume of brine in the tank after t min is V(t) = 60 – t gal, so the initial value problem is Section 1.5 5
• 6.
  dx 3x = 2− , x (0 ) = 0. dt 60 − t The solution is (60 − t )3 x (t ) = (60 − t ) − . 3600 (b) The maximum amount ever in the tank is 40 / 3 ≈ 23.09 lb. This occurs after t = 60 − 20 3 ≈ 25 / 36 min. 37. The volume of brine in the tank after t min is V(t) = 100 + 2t gal, so the initial value problem is dx 3x = 5− , x (0) = 50. dt 100 + 2t The integrating factor ρ (t ) = (100 + 2t)3/2 leads to the solution 50000 x(t ) = (100 + 2t ) − . (100 + 2t )3/ 2 such that x(0) = 50. The tank is full after t = 150 min, at which time x(150) = 393.75 lb. 38. (a) dx / dt = − x / 20 and x(0) = 50 so x(t ) = 50 e− t / 20 . (b) The solution of the linear differential equation dy 5x 5y 5 1 = − = e − t / 20 − y dt 100 200 2 40 with y(0) = 50 is y(t ) = 150 e − t / 40 − 100 e − t / 20 . (c) The maximum value of y occurs when y′(t ) = − 15 − t / 40 4 e 5 ( ) + 5e − t / 20 = − e − t / 40 3 − 4e − t / 40 = 0 . 4 We find that ymax = 56.25 lb when t = 40 ln(4/3) ≈ 11.51 min. 39. (a) The initial value problem dx x = − , x (0) = 100 dt 10 Section 1.5 6
• 7.
  for Tank 1has solution x (t ) = 100 e − t /10 . Then the initial value problem dy x y y = − = 10 e − t /10 − , y( 0 ) = 0 dt 10 10 10 for Tank 2 has solution y (t ) = 10t e − t /10 . (b) The maximum value of y occurs when y′(t ) = 10 e − t /10 − t e − t /10 = 0 and thus when t = 10. We find that ymax = y(10) = 100e–1 ≈ 36.79 gal. 40. (b) 2 7 Assuming inductively that xn = t n e − t / 2 / n ! 2 n , the equation for xn+1 is dxn +1 1 1 t n e−t / 2 1 = xn − xn +1 = − xn +1 . dt 2 2 n ! 2 n +1 2 We easily solve this first–order equation with x n+1 ( 0) = 0 and find that t n +1 e − t / 2 x n +1 = , (n + 1)! 2 n +1 thereby completing the proof by induction. 41. (a) A'(t) = 0.06A + 0.12S = 0.06 A + 3.6 e0.05t (b) The solution with A(0) = 0 is A(t) = 360(e0.06 t – e0.05 t), so A(40) ≈ 1308.283 thousand dollars. 42. The mass of the hailstone at time t is m = ( 4 / 3)πr 3 = ( 4 / 3)πk 3t 3 . Then the equation d(mv)/dt = mg simplifies to tv' + 3v = gt. The solution satisfying the initial condition v(0) = 0 is v(t) = gt/4, so v'(t) = g/4. 43. The solution of the initial value problem y ′ = x − y, y( −5) = y0 is y( x ) = x − 1 + ( y0 + 6)e − x − 5 . Section 1.5 7
• 8.
  Substituting x =5, we therefore solve the equation 4 + ( y0 + 6)e −10 = y1 with y1 = 3.998, 3.999, 4, 4.001, 4.002 for the desired initial values y0 = –50.0529, –28.0265, –6.0000, 16.0265, 38.0529, respectively. 44. The solution of the initial value problem y ′ = x + y, y( −5) = y0 is y( x ) = − x − 1 + ( y0 − 4)e x + 5 . Substituting x = 5, we therefore solve the equation −6 + ( y0 − 4)e10 = y1 with y1 = –10, –5, 0, 5, 10 for the desired initial values y0 = 3.99982, 4.00005, 4.00027, 4.00050, 4.00073, respectively. Section 1.5 8