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Retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from its underlying layers, which can cause vision loss if not treated. It is often caused by breaks or tears in the retina that allow fluid to enter and detach the retina. Diagnosis involves examining the eye through various tests like ophthalmoscopy, ultrasound and angiography. Treatment options aim to reattach the retina through procedures like laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, scleral buckling surgery, pneumatic retinopexy or vitrectomy. These work by sealing retinal breaks or reducing fluid flow to allow the retina to reattach.

Education◦
resentation on Retinal Detachment PPT-5
INTRODUCTION Retinal detachment is a disorder of the eye in which the retina separates from the layer underneath. Symptoms include an increase in the number of floaters, flashes of light, and worsening of the outer part of the visual field. This may be described as curtain over part of the field of vision, without treatment permanent loss of vision may occur.
INTRODUCTION • A break in the retina can occur from a posterior vitreous detachment, injury to the eye, or inflammation of the eye. Other risk factors include being short sighted and previous cataract surgery. Retina detachment also rarely occur due to achoroidal tumor. Diagnosis is by either looking at the back of the eye with an ophthalmoscope or by radiological examination.
DEFINITION • Retinal detachment refers to the separation of the RPE( retinal pigments epithelium) from the sensory layer. • It is separation of the sensory retina and the underlying pigments, with fluid accumulation between the two retina.
DEFINITION • Retinal detachment is a disorder of eye in which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue. Initial detachment may be localized, but without rapid treatment the entire retina may detach, leading to vision loss and blindness.
TYPES • Rhegmatogenous detachment • Traction retinal detachment • Exudative retinal detachment • Combination of Rhegmatogenous, Traction, Exudative retinal detachment
TYPES • Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: • It is occurs due to a break in the retina ( called a retinal tear) that allows fluid to pass from the vitreous space into the sub retinal space between the sensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium.
TYPES • Retinal breaks are divided into three types – holes, tears and dialyses
TYPES • Holes form due to retinal atrophy especially within an area of lattice degeneration. • Tears are due to vitreo retinal traction. • Dialyses are very peripheral,circumferential and may be either .tractional or atrophic
TYPES Exudative, serous or secondary retinal detachment : • It is occurs due to inflammation, injury or vascular abnormalities that results in fluid accumulating underneath ( below) the retina without the presence of a hole, tear, or break.
TYPES • Tractional retina detachment : • It is occurs when fibrous or fibro vascular tissue, caused by an injury, inflammation or neovascularization pulls the sensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium.
ETIOLOGY • Severe Myopia • Retinal Tears • Trauma • Family History • Complications From Cataract Surgery • Injury • Retinopathy ( Diabetes) • Increase Intra Ocular Pressure • High –Impact Sports Such As Diving And Skydiving • Bungee Jumping , Roller Coaster Rides, Weightlifting Etc.
ETIOLOGY • Aging : retinal detaching is more common in people over the age of 50. • Hereditary • Severe eye injury
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Due to etiological factors( aging, eye trauma) Retina tears and pulls retina Break retina, liquid viterous can enter the subretinal space between the sensory layer and the retina pigment enithelium layer Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS • Photophobia • Painless loss of peripheral or central vision • A sudden dramatic increase in the number of floaters. A ring of floaters or hairs just to the temporal (skull) • Blurred vision • Shadow or blindness in a part of the visual field of one eye.
Assessment and diagnosis • Complete history • Physical examination • Fluorescein angiography • Tonometry • Ophthalmoscopy • Refraction test • Slit- lamp examination • Visual acuity • ultrasound
Refraction Test
Assessment and diagnosis • Fluorescein angiography : it is a examine blood vessels in the retina, choroid, and iris of the eye. A special dye is injected into a vein in the arm and pictures are taken as the dye passes through the blood vessels in the eye.
Fluorescein angiography
Assessment and diagnosis • Tonometry : It is the procedure eye care professional perform to determine the intraocular pressure, the fluid pressure inside the eye.
Tonometry
Assessment and diagnosis • Visual acuity: Its commonly refers to the clarity of vision. Its dependent ton optical and neural factors, i.e, i) the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye. ii) The health and functioning of the retina, and iii) the sensitivity of the interpretative faculty of the brain.
Assessment and diagnosis • Slit- lamp examination: this examination looks at structures that are at the front of the eye. • The slit- lamp is a low- power microscope combined with a high- intensity light source that can be focused as a thin beam. The health care provider will examine eye, especially the eyelids, cornea, conjunctiva sclera and iris.
Slit- lamp examination
MANAGEMENT • 1. laser surgery ( photocoagulation) the surgeon direct a laser beam into the eye through the pupil. The laser makes burn around the retinal tear, creating, scarring that usually welds the retina to underlying tissue
MANAGEMENT • Freezing (cryopexy): after giving local anesthetic agent .. The surgeon applies a freezing probe to the outer surface of the eye directly over the tear. The freezing causes a scar that help secure the retina to the eye wall.
Freezing (cryopexy):
MANAGEMENT • SCLERAL BUCKLE SURGERY : It is an established treatment in which the eye surgeon sews one or more silicon band to the sclera. The bands puch the well of the eye inward against the retnal hole, closing the break or reducing fluid flow through it and reducing the effect of vitrous traction thereby allowing the retina to reattach. Cryotherpy is applied aroung retinal Breaks prior to placing the buckle
SCLERAL BUCKLE SURGERY
SCLERAL BUCKLE SURGERY
MANAGEMENT • PNEUMATIC RETINOPEXY: • It is another method of repairing a retinal detachment in which a gas bubble is injected into the eye after which lasser or freezing treatment is applied to the bubble rests against the retnal hole.
PNEUMATIC RETINOPEXY
MANAGEMENT • VITRECTOMY: • It is an increasingly used treatment for retinal detachment. It involves the removal of the vitreous gel and is usually combined with filling the eye with either a gas bubble or silicon oil (PDMS). An advantage of using gas is absorbed within a few weeks.
VITRECTOMY SURGERY
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