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Physical evaluation of crude drugs

This document discusses various parameters used to evaluate crude drugs, including moisture content, specific gravity, density, melting point, viscosity, solubility, ash content, and extractive values. Evaluating crude drugs by these parameters helps ensure their identification and determines their quality, purity, and potential biochemical variations or deterioration from treatment and storage. Common tests include determining the moisture content, specific gravity, solubility in various solvents, melting points of constituents, ash content, and extractive values using water, alcohol, or ether to extract different types of components.

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Evaluation of crude drug ensures its identification and determination of its quality and purity. The evaluation of crude drug is necessary because Biochemical variation in crude drug Deterioration due to treatment and storage
These are rarely constant for crude drug , but may help in evaluation with reference to MOISTURE CONTENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY DENSITY OPTIC ROTATION REFRECTIVE INDEX MELTING POINT VISCOSITY
Moisture content is responsible for the decomposition of crude drug due to chemical change or microbial attack. It is necessary to determine and control the moisture content of crude drug . It is determined by heating the drug at 105°C in an oven to a constant weight. Moisture content of is 5% w/w.
Resistance of the fluid to flow . Viscosity of a liquid is constant at given temperature . Hence it is used as a means of standardizing liquid drugs. PYROXYLIN kinematic viscosity is 1100-2450 centistokes . LIQUID PARAFFIN kinematic viscosity is 64 centistokes at 37.8°C.
It is one of the parameter to judge the purity of crude drug. In case of pure chemical or phytochemicals , melting point are very sharp and constant . Since the crude drug from animals and plants origin contain the mixed chemicals . Purity of crude drug can be determined by their melting points. COLOPHONY 75-85°C
 BEES WAX 62-65°C WOOL FAT 34-44°C COCOA BUTTER 30-33°C Certain drugs fluoresce when the cut surface or the powder is exposed to ultraviolet radiation , And it is useful in the identification of those drugs . Indian and Chinese Rhubarb are very difficult to distinguish and is very difficult form , but examination in ultraviolet light gives such marked differences in florescence that the varieties can be easily distinguish from each other .
The number of ml of solvent required to dissolve 1g of drug . The presence of adulteration in a drug could be indicated by solubility studies. Balsam of peru is soluble in chloral hydrate solution. Colophony is freely soluble in light petroleum. Asafoetida is soluble in carbon disulphide. Alkaloidal bases are soluble in chloroform.
It is also referred to as “RELATIVE DENSITY’’ .It is the ratio of the mass of a liquid or solid to the mass of an equal volume of distilled water at 4°C. Its measure gives the idea of the floatability of drug. IF specific gravity is greater than 1 the substance sinks. If specific gravity is less than 1 the substance floats. Cotton seed oil 0.88-0.93
Coconut oil 0.925 Castor oil 0.95 The residue remaining after incineration is the ash content of the drug (inorganic salts of carbonates , phosphates , silicates of sodium , potassium, calcium and magnesium ) is known as ash content. Ash value is the criterion to judge the identity and purity of crude drug. Useful for detecting low grade products, exhausted drug and drugs from earthy matter .
Total ash value Acid insoluble ash value Sulphated ash value Water soluble ash value It is used for detecting crude drug that are mixed with minerals like sand , soil , calcium oxalate m chalk powder or drugs with different organic contents to improve appearance . EXAMPLE GINGER .
TEMP. should be less than450 because at high temp. alkali chlorides maybe lost DETERMINATION Weigh accurately about 3gms of the powdered drug in silica crucible . Incinerate the heat until free from carbon and cool .Keep it in desiccator . Weigh the ash and calculate the percentage of the total ash with reference to the air dried sample. It is used for the determination of earthy matter present on roots , rhizomes and also on leaves . Crude drug contains calcium oxalate crystals , the amount may varies depending on the environmental conditions.
DETERMINATION Boil the total ash obtained as above for five minutes with 25ml of dilute HCL. Filter and collect the insoluble matter on the ash less filter paper . Wash the filter paper with hot water , ignite it in tared crucible , cool and kept in desiccator. Weigh the residue and calculate the acid insoluble ash of the drug. It is used for the detection of low grade products.
It is used to detect either material exhausted by water or not (tea leaves , ginger rhizomes) The extract obtained by exhausting crude drugs with different solvents are approximate measures of their chemical constituents . Various solvents are used according to the type of the constituents to be analyzed . SIGNIFICANCE Useful for the evaluation especially when the constituents of the drugs can not be readily estimated by any other means .
It also helps to indicate the nature of chemical constituents present in the drug. Also helps in the identification of adulteration of drug . Solubility of drug is also detected . oWater soluble extractive value oAlcohol soluble extractive value oEther soluble extractive value
It is applied for the drugs which contain water soluble constituents such as tannins , sugar , plant acids and mucilage. It is applied for drugs which contain alcohol soluble constituents such as tannins, resins and alkaloids .
It is applied for the extraction of volatile oils , fixed oils and resins . Volatile ether soluble extractive value Non volatile ether soluble extractive value
REFERENCE Text book of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry www.authorstream.com/....../ Analytical pharmacognosy Diabit.blogspot.com/2013/04 Physical evaluation of crude drug by Dr.U.Srinivasa