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Organic plant breeding

Organic plant breeding aims to develop crop varieties without using chemicals. It focuses on creating varieties that are well-adapted to organic farming systems and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses without the use of pesticides. Organic varieties are developed and tested exclusively under organic conditions. The objectives of organic plant breeding include improving competitiveness against weeds, quality over yield, biodiversity, and resistance to stresses. Common breeding techniques include selection, hybridization and plant introduction, but GMOs, radiation, and synthetic chemicals are prohibited.

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ORGANIC PLANT BREEDING(OPB) MANJUNATHA, G.A DEPT OF PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS
 Looking to the adverse effect of chemicals (insecticides, pesticides, fungicides, weedicides, chemical fertilizers) on human health, soil health and environment, OPB is gaining increased significance all over the world.
ORGANIC PLANT BREEDING  Organic plant breeding refers to development of new crop cultivars without the use of any chemicals.
IMPORTANT POINTS IN OPB  Organic seed- The seed that has been multiplied under organic conditions at least for one generation.  Organic varieties- Those cultivars that originate from organic plant breeding techniques.  In the OPB, chemicals are not used neither in the development of varieties or in their testing.
 The entire evaluation of breeding material is carried out under organic conditions.  In the OPB higher priority is given to quality of the product than yield.  Organic varieties are produced under certified organic plant breeding programmes.
 Organic cultivation is also known as clean cultivation, natural cultivation, green cultivation or eco-friendly cultivation.  The organic produce of two types Organic certified A and Organic certified B 1.Organic A – The crop which is grown after three years without the use of prohibited chemicals. 2.Organic B _ The crop which is produced in the first and second year without use of chemicals.
DIFF B/N ORGANIC VARIETIES AND ORGANIC SEED Organic varieties Organic seed  Originate from OPB.  Tested always under organic conditions.  Number of such varieties is limited.  Originate from organic or non organic plant breeding.  Multiplied at least for one generation under organic condition.  Such seed is very common.
OPB OBJECTIVES  Competitiveness with weeds- It is considered important for organic varieties where weedicides are not allowed.  Plant stature- Generally, varieties for organic use tend to be taller than those developed for non-organic production.  In OPB higher priority is given to quality than productivity or yield.  In OPB higher emphasis is given to maintain biodiversity in the variety.  Higher degree of resistance to biotic stress because insecticides/pesticides are not allowed.
COMMON OBJECTIVES  Photo and thermo insensitivity.  Freedom from toxic substances.  Earliness so that a variety can well into multiple cropping system.  Resistance to abiotic stress such as drought, soil salinity etc.  Resistance to lodging.  Non shattering habit in legumes.  Wider adaptability and stability in production.  High photosynthetic and nutrient uptake efficiency.
BREEDING TECHNIQUES  The main objective of OPB is to develop crop cultivars that enhance productivity and adaptability under organic farming.  1) Plant introduction- Any exotic variety developed without the use of any chemicals.  2) Selection  3) Hybridization  4) Biotechnology- The MAS can be permitted if GMOs and radiations are not involved in marker production.
TECHNIQUES NOT PERMITTED  Genetic modification or GMOs.  Cytoplasmic male sterility based hybrids without restorer genes.  Somatic hybridization or protoplast fusion.  Radiated mentor pollen for mutation induction.  Mutation induction with radiations or chemical substances.
CHEMICALS PROHIBITED  In OPB as well as organic farming use of chemicals is prohibited. Which include,  Inorganic fertilizers  Insecticides  Fungicides  Herbicides  Growth regulators  Defoliators  Seed treatment with chemicals  Treatment with irradiations ( X-rays, gamma rays etc)
MATERIALS ALLOWED  Organic manures (FYM, compost, green manure, cakes etc)  Fish meal  Leather meal  Cotton seed meal  Gypsum  Botanical pesticides (Neem, Datura, Ipomea, tobacco, chillies)  Bioagents (parasites, predators etc,)
DIFF B/N OB AND NOB PARTICULARS ORGANIC BREEDING NON-ORGANIC BREEDING Breeding methods used Which do not involve radiations All breeding methods Major emphasis is on Quality Yield Competitiveness with weeds High Low Uniformity of produce Low high Adaptation High Low Use of chemicals Not permitted Permitted Use of radiations Not permitted Permitted
Insect control Genetic resistance, use of botanicals and bio-agents Mainly by insecticides Disease control By genetic resistance By fungicides and pesticides Weed control By mechanical means Mainly by weedicides Nutrient supply By organic manures Mainly by inorganic fertilizers Type of cultivation Sustainable Non-sustainable Cost of cultivation Low High Environmental pollution Nil Very high
ADVANTAGES OF OPB  It is used for developing cultivars and hybrids suitable for organic farming. The use of organic varieties helps in reducing the cost of cultivation by avoiding the use of various agrochemicals.  Use of organic varieties is ecofriendly. It permits multiplication of natural enemies (parasites and predators) of harmful insects resulting in effective biological control.  In OPB more emphasis is given on improvement of quality rather than yield.
 In OPB use of chemicals is prohibited. As a result there is no environmental pollution. This has favourable effect on soil health, human health and animal health.  The insecticides will not reach the food chain.  The beneficial soil microflora will increase and ground water and rain water will be free from contamination of chemicals.  Use of organic varieties will lead to sustainable agriculture. It will not deplete the resources. In other words it will promote judicious use of resources.
 It promotes use of biological inputs such as organic manures( FYM, compost, green manure, cakes etc.), botanical pesticides (Neem, Datura, Ipomea, tobacco, Calatropis, chillies etc.) which do not have any adverse effect on the ecosystem.
DISADVANTAGES  Induced mutation play important role in developing new varieties and creating extra variability for selection. Banning use of this technique will have adverse effect on progress of OPB.  Protoplast fusion technique play important role in gene transformation. Banning of this technique will act as a barrier in somatic hybridization.  GMO’s are used to solve those problems that can’t be resolved by conventional breeding methods. The ban on the use of GMO will have adverse effect in solving such problems.
 Tissue culture techniques such as embryo culture, ovary culture, anther culture etc. lead to extra variation which is used for selection of suitable material. Bann on these techniques will leads to prolong development of organic varieties.  The well known chemical colchicine is used for making interspecific hybrids fertile through chromosomal doubling. Banning the use of colchicine will have adverse effect on interspecific hybridization.  Banning of above useful techniques/chemicals will prolong the period of developing organic varieties.
 The breeding efficiency will go down and breeding will be more expensive.  Restriction on the exchange of materials between traditional and organic breeding will have adverse effect in the progress of OPB.
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