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Nervous System,Neuron, Glial cells

The nervous system is a network of nerve cells and fibers that control bodily functions and consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurons are the primary functional units that transmit signals, while neuroglia support and protect them, with various types such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes performing specific roles. The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from toxins while allowing essential nutrients to pass, and microglia function as immune defense in the central nervous system.

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Nervous System Overview•
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Nervous System • The network of nerve cells and fibres which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body. • The nervous system controls everything you do, including breathing, walking, thinking, and feeling. This system is made up of your brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves of your body. The brain is the control center and the spinal cord is the major highway to and from the brain.
Nervous System
Neuron
• The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells • Nervous system cells are called neurons. They have three distinct parts, including a cell body, axon, and dendrites. These parts help them to send and receive chemical and electrical signals.
Neuroglia (Glial Cells ) • Neuroglia, also called glial cell or glia, any of several types of cell that function primarily to support neurons. … It has since been shown that glucose, amino acids, and ions—all of which influence neuronal function—are exchanged between the extracellular space and neuroglial cells. • Glial cells are found in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Glial (Neuroglial) cells do not conduct nerve impulses, but, instead, support, nourish, and protect the neurons. Glial cells are far more numerous than neurons and, unlike neurons, are capable of mitosis.
• Schwann cells (SCs) are the main glial cells of the peripheral nervous system which wrap around axons of motor and sensory neurons to form the myelin sheath.
• Satellite glial cells formerly called amphicytes[1] are glial cells that cover the surface of neuron cell bodies in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Thus, they are found in sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic ganglia.they provide nutrient support and protection. They may also help to regulate the neuronal environment and be involved in neurotransmission
• Astrocytes get their name because they are “star-shaped”. They are the most abundant glial cells in the brain that are closely associated with neuronal synapses. They regulate the transmission of electrical impulses within the brain. … Metabolic support: They provide neurons with nutrients such as lactate.
• The barrier is formed by capillary endothelial cells, surrounded by basal lamina and astrocytic perivascular endfeet. Astrocytes provide the cellular link to the neurons. The figure also shows pericytes and microglial cells. A | Brain endothelial cell features observed in cell culture
BBB
• The blood vessels that vascularize the central nervous system (CNS) possess unique properties, termed the blood–brain barrier, which allow these vessels to tightly regulate the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between the blood and the brain. • Function : • The purpose of the blood–brain barrier is to protect against circulating toxins or pathogens that could cause brain infections, while at the same time allowing vital nutrients to reach the brain
• Ependymal cells line fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They are involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid, which serves as a cushion for the brain, moves the fluid between the spinal cord and the brain, and is a component of the choroid plexus.
• Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord. … As the resident macrophage cells, they act as the first and main form of active immune defense in the central nervous system (CNS).
• Oligodendrocytes are a type of large glial cell found in the central nervous system. Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheath insulating neuronal axons (analogous to Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system), although some oligodendrocytes (called satellite oligodendrocytes) are not involved in myelination.
Nervous System,Neuron, Glial cells