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NAFTA & India's trade with NAFTA

NAFTA is a trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States that aims to eliminate trade barriers and promote cross-border investment. It has increased trade but its effects have been mixed - while some industries have benefited through access to larger markets, it has also contributed to issues like job losses and increased inequality. India's trade is mostly concentrated with the US, with exports such as precious stones, aircraft, and machinery, and imports including oil, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. Mexico seeks foreign investment through NAFTA but has faced challenges in achieving balanced economic growth and development.

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Group Project Reshmi Raveendran INDIA’S TRADE WITH NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA)
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INTRODUCTION NAFTA is an agreement signed by the governments of the United states, Canada and Mexico creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. Members: Canada, Mexico & United States Official languages: English, French and Spanish Secretariats: Mexico city, Ottawa, Washington D.C. Establishment: 1 January 1994 GDP of NAFTA alliance: USD 12 trillion
Why was NAFTA formed? • The impetus for NAFTA actually began with President, Ronald Regaon, who campaigned on a North American common market. In 1984, Congress passed the Trade and Tariff Act. • Canadian Prime Minister Mulroney agreed with Reagan to begin negotiations for the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, which was signed in 1988, went into effect in 1989 and is now suspended since it's no longer needed • Canada asked to join the negotiations in order to preserve its perceived gains under the
Objectives of NAFTA To eliminate trade barriers & facilitate the cross-border movements. To promote conditions of fair competition. To substantially increase investment opportunities. To provide adequate and effective protection & enforcement of intellectual property rights To create effective procedures for the implementation and application of this agreement. To establish a framework for further trilateral, regional and multilateral co-operation.
NAFTA: Progress over the years North American trade supports tens of thousands of jobs in every single state. NAFTA has raised the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturers. U.S. unemployment rate was sharply lower in the years following NAFTA implementation. At the time that NAFTA went into effect, about 40% of U.S. imports from Mexico entered duty - free and the remainder faced duties of up to 35.
Effect on Industries  Textiles and Apparel Industries. NAFTA phased out all duties on textile and apparel goods within North America meeting specific NAFTA rules of origin over a 10-year period  Automotive Industry. NAFTA phased out Mexico’s restrictive auto decree. It phased out all U.S. tariffs imports from Mexico and Mexican tariffs on U.S. and Canadian products as long as they met the rules of origin requirements of 62.5% North American content for autos, light trucks, engines and transmissions; and 60% for other vehicles and automotive parts.  Agriculture. NAFTA set out separate bilateral undertakings on cross-border trade in agriculture, one between Canada and Mexico, and the other between Mexico and the United States. As a general matter, U.S.- Canada FTA provisions continued to apply on trade with Canada
Effect on Industries Foreign Investment. NAFTA removed significant investment barriers, ensured basic protections for NAFTA investors, and provided a mechanism for the settlement of disputes between investors and a NAFTA country. Dispute Settlement Procedures. NAFTA’s provisions for preventing and settling disputes were built upon provisions in the U.S.-Canada FTA. NAFTA created a system of arbitration for resolving disputes that included initial consultations, taking the issue to the NAFTA Trade Commission, or going through arbitral panel proceedings.
Why Mexico joined the agreement? Foreign direct investment (FDI); boosting exports; creating industrial jobs; and giving the Mexican economy a growth stimulus. Mexico established a policy of import substitution in the 1930s, consisting of a broad, general protection of the entire industrial sector. The 1982 debt crisis in which the Mexican government was unable to meet its foreign debt obligations was a primary cause of the economic challenges the country faced in the early to mid-1980’s.
Cont…. Then President Miguel de la Madrid took steps to open and liberalize the Mexican economy. In 1986, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). In November 1987, Framework of Principles and Procedures for Consultation Regarding Trade and Investment Relations. In October 1989, The Understanding Regarding Trade and Investment
Mexico’s gains from NAFTA NAFTA has brought economic and social benefits to the Mexican economy as a whole. NAFTA helped Mexican manufacturers to adopt to U.S. technological innovations. NAFTA went into effect, the overall macroeconomic volatility, or wide variations in the GDP growth rate, has declined in Mexico. NAFTA may have supported the resolve of the Mexican government to continue economic reforms. Mexico’s trade with the United States has grown trade balance shifted to a surplus
Cont… MORE EXPORTS • The value of Mexican goods exported to the United States an increase of 437 percent. • The United States exported $136.5 billion worth of goods to Mexico in 2007 MORE INVESTMENT • The United States is the largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Mexico,
Trade graph 1985-2007
Maquiladora plants are generally foreign-owned firms, many of which are subsidiaries of U.S.-headquartered multinational enterprises. Maquiladora
History • The Mexican maquiladora program, implemented in 1965. • Free trade agreement for foreign companies to bring materials into the country for manufacturing. • The maquiladora program allowed foreign companies to enter Mexico with 100% of their own capital.
History Why were they created? Response to unemployment in Mexico’s northern border region. The failure of the Bracero program in 1964. Maquiladora operations were dedicated principally to the simple assembly of parts and components.
History • The program, initially started as an emergency measure to reduce unemployment, transformed into a necessary program.  During the 1980s, the maquiladora a industry grew rapidly and became the main source of new jobs in Mexico and one of the leading generators of foreign exchange.
What attracted Maquiladoras? Cheap labor Weak enforcement of environmental and labor laws
Maquiladora Facts Working Conditions Women and child Exploitation. Environment: loosely enforced Mexican environmental laws.
Maquiladora Facts The minimum wage in Mexico is only $3.40 per day compared to $5.75 per hour in the U.S.
Maquiladora Benefits - Mexico • Maquiladoras create employment opportunities and additional income in the border region. • Exportation of maquiladora products brings needed foreign exchange into Mexico. • Commercial deficit with the United States is reduced. • Plants in Mexico that manufacture for export can temporarily import foreign components without payment of customs duties.
Win-Win Situation for US Laws of Maquiladora and NAFTA- favoring US. Mexico offers lower wage rates than many Asian countries. Low Cost production. More competitive in world market. No Import Duty. No environment pollution.
As far as NAFTA is concerned, it was more of a trade between India and US than other NAFTA members. India’s trade with NAFTA
India Trade Continental Statistics-2013 (APPENDIX 1) Source: http://www.infodriveindia.com/export-import/trade-statistics/commodities- group.aspx
India’s Export to US is 91 % and that of Canada and Mexico is less than 5 % India’s Export to Export % Canada 5% USA 91% Mexico 4% India’s Import to Import % Canada 9% USA 79% Mexico 13%
India’s trade with US India is currently 11th largest goods trading partner of US Exports India was the United States' 18th largest goods export market in 2013. Top exports categories in 2013 were: Precious Stones (diamonds and gold) Aircraft , Machinery , Electrical Machinery, and Optic and Medical Instruments
Imports India was the United States' 10th largest supplier of goods imports in 2013. U.S. goods imports from India totaled $41.8 billion in 2013, up 3.2% ($1.3 billion) from 2012, and up 220% from 2003. U.S. imports from India account for 1.8% of overall U.S. imports in 2013. The five largest import categories in 2013 were: Precious Stones (diamonds) Pharmaceutical Products Mineral Fuel (oil) Organic Chemicals and Miscellaneous Textile Articles U.S. imports of agricultural products from India totaled $3.5 billion in 2013, the 5th largest supplier of Ag imports.
India - Mexico Crude oil is the major Mexican export to India besides fertilizers, iron & steel and engineering goods. Besides Mexico’s own sizable market and investment-friendly policies, it is eminently placed in the region, with 44 FTAs, offering the strategic advantage of the world’s largest NAFTA market. Already Latin America’s largest trading nation, it is increasingly drawing large amounts of FDI from USA and elsewhere, and is fast emerging as a major manufacturing hub. Mexico’s Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution remains highly unequal.
Items of Indian Export to Mexico Metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor vehicle Items of Import from Mexico to India Manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruits, vegetables, coffee, cotton Eighty percent of Mexico's exports go to US and Canada, with which Mexico is bound in NAFTA.
Latest Development The growth of India's trade with Mexico(second largest market of Latin America) is very steady. India's exports were 2.95 billion dollars in 2012 increasing by 24% from 2.38bn in 2011 Crude oil imports in 2012 were 2.83 billion dollars (accounting for 88% of India's imports from Mexico) followed by electrical machinery and equipments, 242 m. India was the eighth largest export destination of Mexico in 2012. Reliance was the importer of Mexican crude oil, as in the past several years.
The manufacturing sector is growing with a new vibrancy after having overcome the Chinese competition. Many American and foreign companies have started production of manufactured goods in Mexico for the markets of US and Canada. Mexico has become the fourth largest exporter of cars in the world after Germany, Japan and South Korea. Given the positive prospects of Mexico in the coming years, India's trade with Mexico could reach 10 billion dollars by 2015.
Conclusion NAFTA has played an important role in the overall development of the three nations but is more of a Win-Win situation for US than Mexico and Canada. There is a need to revise policies under NAFTA so that Mexico as an Economy benefits, as currently they are being exploited by the US. NAFTA has also led to causalities like loss of jobs, migration, rising level of inequality and many others.
 The Mexican economy did not grow as much as expected. Inequality and poverty have persisted. Slow wage growth for workers continues to harm domestic consumption and overall domestic growth.  Both labor and environmental standards are largely missing from NAFTA: Unsafe working conditions in factories US-Mexico border ,environmental degradation in border towns where large populations have settled.  Mexican agricultural exports have grown more slowly than anticipated, largely due to competition from large agricultural enterprises located inside the United States and protected by US government subsidies.  Many had hoped that NAFTA would decrease immigration from Mexico to the United States by creating Mexican jobs. This has not been the case, with over 500,000 Mexican immigrants entering the US every year.  Technological advances have come slowly to Mexico thus sophisticated parts are manufactured elsewhere and shipped to Mexico for assembly only. This results in only a small part of the profit from these goods remaining in Mexico.
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