Muslim reformist and history of Pakistan .ppt

Muslim reformist and history of Pakistan .ppt

• 1.
  Rise and Fallof Muslim rule in India 1
• 2.
  Ghaznavid Dynasty (977–1186) •Sultan Mehmood became king of Ghazani in 997. • He conducted 17 raids in India • The most famous was raid of Somnath in 1025 • Death of Mehmood in 1030 ,decline of dynasty started but dynasty ruled for another 150 years • Earned criticism of Hindu writers ,they termed him barbarian • Muslim writers termed him “champion of Islam ” 2
• 3.
  Ghaurid Dynasty(879–1215) • TheGhaznavid dynasty in sub-continent did not endure • By 1040 their rule primarily remained confined to Ghazni • Shahab ud din Ghauri captured throne of Ghazni in 1174 • In 1186 ,by defeating last Ghaznavid king Khusru Malik brought an end to Ghaznavid dynasty 3
• 4.
  Expansion of Muslimpower • Muhammad Ghauri was first Muslim ruler who moved across the rivers of the Punjab • The Battles of Tarain, also known as the Battles of Taraori, were fought in 1191 and 1192 near the town of Tarain • In between Ghauri’s & army of Rajputs led by Prithvi Raj Chauhan • In 1st battle Ghauri was defeated but won the 2nd • Expanded his rule ,appointed Qutub din Aibak as Governor • With the advent of Ghauri until 1857 ,there was always a Muslim on the throne of Delhi 4
• 5.
  DELHI SULTANATE 1206-1526 •Slave or Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290) • Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) • Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412) • Sayyed Dynasty(1414-1451) • Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526) 5
• 6.
  Slave Dynasty (1206-1290) •Qutb ud din Aibak was the founder, by origin TURKS • Established first Muslim rule in Delhi • Aibak was succeeded by son in law Shams ud din iltutmish & he was succeeded by his daughter “Razia Sultana”(1236)- 1st Muslim female ruler (sub-continent)-murdered in 1240 • Threats from Khilji’s & Qabacha of Multan 6
• 7.
  Slave Dynasty (1206-1290) •Ghias ud Din Balban ,a Turkish slave • He effectively restored law & order, collapsed during his predecessor • Faced threat from rising power of Mongols • Death of Balban was decline of slave dynasty 7
• 8.
  Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) •Founded by Jalal ud Din Khilji, ascended to power at the age of 70 • Succeeded by nephew Alaudin Khilji • First Muslim ruler who conquered central & southern India • Mongols posed serious threat ,fought number of battles against Mongols • Alaudin died in 1316 • Mubark Shah last ruler 8
• 9.
  Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412) •Ghias ud Din Tughlaq was founder • Ruled for 5 years, killed by his own son • Taimur’s invasion jolted Tughlaq dynasty 9
• 10.
  Sayyed Dynasty(1414-1451) Lodhi Dynasty(1451-1526) • Founded by Khizar khan who was nominee of Timor to rule Delhi • Shah Alam was the last ruler of Sayyed dynasty • Bahlol Lodhi founded Lodhi dynasty, succeeded by Sikandar Lodhi • Ibrahim Lodhi was last ruler defeated by Babur in 1526 • It proved end of Delhi Sultanate 10
• 11.
  Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857) • Foundedby Chugtai Turk Prince –Babur • Secured control of Punjab • Defeated Lodhi at Panipat -1526 • At his death (1530) he controlled all of northern India • Humayun lost control of the empire to Afghan armies led by “Suri” in 1540 but recaptured in 1555. 11
• 12.
  Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857) • Akbardefeated Hindu usurper Hemu in 1556 & reestablished dynasty in India • Akbar reestablished & reconsolidated the Mughal empire • At Akbar’s death in 1605 ,the empire extended from Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal & southward to Gujarat & the Northern Deccan • Jahangir was another successful ruler 12
• 13.
  Mughal Dynasty(1526-1857) • ShahJahan had passion for construction of buildings, his era touched cultural excellence • Death of Aurangzeb 1707 • Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon ,died in 1862 13
• 14.
  Internal Factors • Warsof successions • Internal intrigues • Moral decadence • Demoralized & insufficient army • Absence of naval power • Rise of independent dynasties • Rise of Marhatas & Sikhs 14
• 15.
  Internal Factors • Warsof Succession I. Led to the decline of Mughal Empire II.Mughals failed to develop law of succession, hence paved way for wars of succession III.Resulted into bitterness, loss of money & prestige of empire • Incompetent successors of Aurangzeb I. Death of Aurangzeb in 1703 II.Successors were not competent to administer the vast empire 15
• 16.
  Internal Factors • Internalintrigues i. Internal intrigues eroded the administrative fabric ii.Mughal court divided on sectarian ,ethnic & religious considerations( Shia vs. Sunni, Persians vs. Afghans & Muslims vs. Hindus) iii.Instead of paying attention to external threats time & energy primarily consumed on countering intrigues 16
• 17.
  Internal Factors • Moraldecadence i. Mughal nobility fond of pleasure seeking, lacked strength of character ii. Emerged as ease loving & cowardly  Financial constraints i. Wars of succession, rebellions & luxurious living style pushed the empire to financial bankruptcy 17
• 18.
  Internal Factors • DemoralizedArmy i. One of the prime reason of decline was demoralized army ii. Low morale, weak command structure, training & discipline iii. Outdated equipments iv. Contingents maintained by different nobles v. Military weakness provided opportunity to British imperialist to exploit 18
• 19.
  Internal Factors • Absenceof Naval power i. Mughals had no Navy, had small ships ,no match for well equipped ships of foreign traders ii.French & British both exploited • Rise of Marhathas & Sikhs i. Marhathas & Sikhs staged rebellion & challenged the Mughals 19
• 20.
  Internal Factors • Riseof Independent Dynasties i. Aurangzeb extended empire from Afghanistan to Assam, from Kashmir to Mysore ii. Difficult for one ruler to administer iii. Later Deccan ,Bengal ,Bihar & Orissa declared independence iv. It proved loss of revenue & exposed the weakness of empire 20
• 21.
  External Factors • Riseof British i. British landed as traders ii.Trade activities converted into political activities iii.War of Plassey 1757 & defeat of Nawab Siraj ud Daula laid foundation of British rule in India iv.After failed war of independence ,the British formally became rulers of India 21
• 22.
  External Factors • Incursionof Nadir Shah i. In 1738 Persian King Nadir shah invaded Delhi, defeated Muhammad Shah ii.Slaughtered local people & looted wealth • Attack by Ahmad Shah Abdali i. 1748-61 five attacks staged by Ahmad Shah Abdali 22
• 23.
  Factors contributing towards spreadof Islam • Arrival of missionaries & mystics • Inter marriages • Equality • Justice • Liberation from caste system 23
• 24.
  Todays Topic • Effortsfor Renaissance 1. Movements for reforms-- Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, 2. Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other educational institutions------ -Sindh Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawar. 24
• 25.
  1. MUSLIM REFORMISTMOVEMENTS Reforms 25
• 26.
  Movements for reforms Political Reformist Movements- Ideas Educational Reformist Movements -Institutions Religious Reformist Movements- Personalities 26
• 27.
  EFFORTS FOR RENAISSANCE BYMUSLIMS Muslim Reformist Movements 27
• 28.
  Muslim Reformist Movements 28
• 29.
  Mujadad Alf Sani SheikhAhmad Sirhindi 29
• 30.
  Brief Life History •Birth 26th June 1564, Sirhind in East Punajb. Named Ahmed and title was Badr-ul-Dir • S/o Sheikh Abdul Ahad uptio Hazrat Umer Farooq • Read Quran, Hadith and Fiqh from father and Maulana Kamal and Maulana Yaqub Kashmiri • Journey to Agra and met with Fazl and Faizi • Journey to Delhi and met with Hazrat Khawaja Baqi Billah Bairang • Died in 10th December 1624 in Sirhin 30
• 31.
  WORKS OF MUJADAD •Maktoobat (3 Volumes, Research and Ijtehad, His complete work and philosophy of life, faith and religion) • Asbat un Nabooh (Is logic and reason enough, need of prophet and diving knowledge, at the age of 18) • Risala e Tahleelia (Israr e Tauheed and La ilaha, against Akbar’s Bida’at • Sharah Ruba’iat (Tafseer of Rubaiat of Baqi Billah) • Mabd au Muaad (Khawaja Baqi Billah and about Naqshbandi Silsala • Maaraf ud Dunya (Maarafat e Ilahi, Slook o Tareeqat, Shariah and Tassawuf) 31
• 32.
  Shah Wali Ullah Qutbuddin 32
• 33.
  Early Life • 21stFebruary 1703 in Moza Phalat near Delhi • S/o Abdul Rahim founder of Madrassa Rahimia 33
• 34.
  Educational and ReligiousServices • Persian Translation of Holy Quran to answer questions of Christian Missionaries • Al Fauz al Kabir, Muqadima Fe Tarjumatul Quran, Hajjatul hil balagha, Shahrah al Mustafa, Shahrah al Musawa, Insaf-e- Biyan Fe Sabab Ul Ikhtilaf, Aqd ul Iayad Fe Ihkam ul Ijtihad ul Talqid, Tafhemat Ilahi, Izaalatul Khifaa 34
• 35.
  Social and PoliticalServices • Ending of Social Evils • Reformation of Islamic Society • Invitation to Ahmed Shah Abdali and formation of Majlis-e-Muntazima • Representation of Unity of Islamic World • Opposition of Sectarianism • Revolutionary Legislature for Islam 35
• 36.
  Shah Waliullah’s fourbasic principles of economics • Second principle is that everybody has the right to have limited owner ship as the abilities of every individual are different. Not that the whole nation should have same clothing, food and houses. • Third principle is that any practice which concentrates wealth in certain hands will not be tolerated and the system will oppose it. • Fourth principle is that such a balance should be maintained in these factors that society develop as a whole. Shah waliullah stressed on the creation of a party on such principles which will end the outmoded system and built a new system which ensures the development of society as a whole. 36
• 37.
  Aligarh Movement Sir SyedAhmad Khan 37
• 38.
  38
• 39.
  39
• 40.
  40
• 41.
  41
• 42.
  Early Life • 17thOctober, 1817 to Syed Muhammad Muttaqi • Joined East India Company in 1836 in the office of Commissioner of Agra and soon promoted as sub-judge • In 1857 saved 20 British Families and was made Sadr- us-Sadoor • In 1869 along with Syed Mehmood went to England and wrote Khutbat-e-Ahmadia • In 1878 Lord Dalton nominated him Member of Imperial Council • In 1887 Lord Defren made him Member of Civil Service Commission • Died in 1898 in Ali Garh 42
• 43.
  RESOURCE FOR ALIGARH •HAYAT E JAVAID BY HALI • Writings and Speeches of Sir Syed compiled by Shan Muhammad 43
• 44.
  Chronology of SirSyed’s Efforts Aligarh Movement • 1859: Built Gulshan School in Muradabad. • 1863: Set up Victoria School in Ghazipur. • 1864: Set up the Scientific Society in Aligarh. This society was involved in the translation of English works into the native language. • 1866: Aligarh Institute Gazette. This imparted information on history; ancient and modern science of agriculture, natural and physical sciences and advanced mathematics. • 1870: Committee Striving for the Educational Progress of Muslims. 44
• 45.
  Chronology of SirSyed’s Efforts Aligarh Movement • 1875: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental School (M. A. O.), Aligarh, setup on the pattern of English public schools. Later raised to the level of college in 1877 and university in 1920. • 1886: Muhammadan Educational Conference. This conference met every year to take stock of the educational problems of the Muslims and to persuade them to get modern education and abstain from politics. It later became the political mouthpiece of the Indian Muslims and was the forerunner of the Muslim League. • MAO College Aligarh to Muslim University 45
• 46.
  Objectives of Movement •To protect Islam against the onslaught of Orientalists and to prove that it was the one true religion; • To remove the bitter enmity which had arisen between the Muslim and the British for religious or political reasons and to establish friendly relations between them; • To reinterpret the teaching of Islam and bring them in harmony with modern science and philosophy so that educated Muslims while holding on to their religion, might take a rational and enlightened view of life and meet the demands of the new age; • To persuade Muslims to learn the English language and Western sciences so that they might secure a substantial share in the administration of the country. • To maintain Urdu along with English as an associate official language and to develop it through translations and original writings 46
• 47.
  Works of SirSyed • Abtal e Ghulami • Ahkam Ta’am al-kitab • Ain-E Akbari, 1855, Urdu • Al Khutbat al Ahmadiya (1870), in reply to Muir''s "Life of Mahomet" • Aldua Wal Istajaba (1892), Urdu • Asbabe Baghavate Hind (1858), Urdu • Izalatul Ghain An Zulqurnain (1889), Urdu • On Hunter's "Our Indian Musalmans", 1872 (Eng) • Tabiyul Kalam Fi Tafsir Al-Taurat-o wal Injeel, 1862, Urdu • Asar al Sanadid 47
• 48.
  Effects of AligarhMovement • Development of Western Education • Establishment of Islamic Educational Institutes • Economic Development of Muslims • Political Leadership – Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Maulana Shokat Ali, Nawab Mehdi Khan (Mohsin-ul-Mulk), Nawab Wiqar- ul-Mulk and Nawab Ishaq Khan, Liaquat Ali, Nazimuddin • Development of Urdu Language • Role in Pakistan Movement • Negative Effects of Aligarh Movement 48
• 49.
  Aligarh Movement  PoliticalAspect  The causes of the Indian Revolt (Admission of Indians to Legislative Councils  Loyal Muhammadans of India  Opposition to the Muslim participation in the politics (Badruddin Tayyabji).  Muhammadan Educational Conference  Two Nation Theory (Hindi-Urdu Controversy, Larger community will over ride the smaller community) 49
• 50.
  Aligarh Movement  EducationalAspects  Establishment of Schools  Scientific Society  Establishment of M.A.O School  Establishment of M.A.O College  Publication of Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq 50
• 51.
  Aligarh Movement  SocialAspects  Western Rationalism  Preaching the Western Civilization  Superstitions outlook  Ahkam-e-Taam-e-Ahle-Kitab  Muslim Orphan Houses  Tafsir al Jinn Wal Jan ala mafi al Quran (1891), Urdu 51
• 52.
  Quotations • Educate, Educate,Educate Landmarks of the Pakistan Movement by S.M.Burke • “Hindus and Muslims are two irreconcilable Nations” (While talking to Altaf Hussain Hali) • The British System of Election;Pure and Simple is not suitable for india 52
• 53.
  • C.F. Andrewsand Girja Mookerjee, The Rise and Growth of the Congress in India p 52 “Other men have written books and founded colleges; but to arrest as with a wall, the degeneration of a whole people, that is a work of a prophet 53
• 54.
  Quotations • G.F.I. GrahamThe Life and Work of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan “One of his great characteristics is his untiring energy. In addition to great breadth of views on question of national importance, he posseses a power of work as regards minute details which is astonishing. Up at 4 am he writes his newspaper articles, his books and pamphlets- sees visitors, official and private – conducts the onerous duties of the secretary ship to the College Committees not only by dat, but not infrequently far into the night. His meals are served in European style, and he is a rigid abstainer from all liquor except Adam’s ale. The topics of conversation range from discussions on metaphysics, religion, and politics to quotations from Persian poets and humorous anecdotes. He is of middle height and of massive build, weighing upwards of nineteen stone. He has a hearty laugh and enjoys a joke as much as any man” 54
• 55.
  Nadwatul Ullama Kanpur establishedin 1894 Then shifted to Lucknow 55
• 56.
  56
• 57.
  Background 1. Gap betweenmaterialism and spiritualism 2. Role of Ceaser Vs Role of God 3. Isolation of Ulema from Practical life 4. To creat a middle path between classical Islam and modernity 5. It was founded at Kanpur in 1894 in the first annual convention of Nadwatul Ulema ("Organisation of Scholars") by Allama Shibli Nomani, Muhammad Ali Mongiri, Ashraf Ali Thanwi and Mahmud-ul-Hasan, with an idea to counter the challenge of western education 6. The institution was intended to be a modified version of Deoband 7. The foundation stone was laid by Sir. John Briscott Hewitt, Lt. Governor of India on November 28, 1906 8. Pioneer of the movement was Deputy Collector Maulvi Abdul Ghafoor 9. In 1894 Maulvi Muhammad Ali Kanpuri was made its first Administrator (Nazim) 57
• 58.
  Why NADWA? • Thechoice of the name Nadwa got inspiration from a Hall in Mecca, where nobles used to assemble to deliberate • Nadwa was eventually shifted to Lucknow in 1898 (from Kanpur) and updated the Islamic curricula with modern sciences, vocational training etc 58
• 59.
  Vision of theFounders 1. Moderate Education system and needs a reform 2. Principles or representative of all the Islamic Institutions (Madaaris) should attend the annual convention of Nadwatul Ulema 3. A Federation of Madaaris should be formed so that all the madaaris should come under one umbrella 4. To implement this scheme few large Madaaris should be started which will act as a main Madrasah known as Nadwatul-Uloom and rest will be their branches. Nadwatul-Uloom will keep an eye on the activities of the branches 5. Expansion of Madarsa Faiz-e-Aam with Hostel facility 6. Curriculum Reform (This was proposed by Shah Muhammad Husain Allahabadi and seconded by Allama Shibli Nomani) 59
• 60.
  Aims 1. To serveas a bridge between the Old World and the new but firm and unbending in the matter of fundamentals. 2. Aimed at producing an educated class of Muslims well versed in traditional learning and yet actively involved with the ruling power 3. Sought to give Arabic, both modern and classical, a central place in its system of education besides facilitating links with Muslim West Asia 4. Safety of Islamic Society 5. Eliminating the Mutual Tension b/w Ulemas 6. Betterment of Indian Muslims 60
• 61.
  Reaction of theSociety • Initially Opposition by both Muslims and Non Muslims • Sir Anthony Mcdonald governor of UP called them a “tool of politics” • Ahmad Raza Khan Brailvi organized a warrior group against them • Deoband Ulemas opposed Maulana Shibli Naumani 61
• 62.
  Extension of themovement 1. British Government, Aga Khan and Nawabs of Bhopal and Bahawalpur donated 2. Maulana Shibli Naumani’s time as the administrator is called the golden period of nadwa 62