musculoskeletal

musculoskeletal

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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 1 ANATOMYMUSCULOSKELETAL AXIAL SKELETON CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 2 VertebraColumn • Spine @ backbone • Composed of a series of bones called vertebrae. • Vertebral column, sternum and ribs form the skeleton of the trunk of the body.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 3 Vertebrae RibcageSternum
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 4 Functionof Vertebral Column • Functions as a strong, flexible rod with elements that can be move forward, backward and sideways, and rotate. • Enclosing and protecting the spinal cord • Supports the head • Serves as a point attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle and muscles of the back.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 5
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 6 VertebralColumn • Early development is 33 bones. • Grows up – several vertebrae in the sacral and coccygeal regions fuse. • Normal adults, typically contains 26 vertebrae. • Consists: cervical , thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx vertebrae. • cervical , thoracic, lumbar – movable • sacral and coccyx vertebrae - immovable
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 7 VertebraColumn • Distributed as follows: 1. 7 cervical vertebrae – neck region 2. 12 thoracic vertebrae – posterior to the thoracic cavity 3. 5 lumbar vertebrae – support the lower back. 4. 1 sacrum – consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae. 5. 1 coccyx – consists of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 8
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 9 Partsof a Typical Vertebra • Vertebrae in different regions of the spinal column vary in size, shape, and details. • Vertebrae typically consist: 1. Body 2. Vertebral arch 3. Processes
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 10
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 11 Body •Thick • Disc shape anterior portion • Weight bearing part of the vertebrae. • Superior & inferior surface are roughened – attachment of cartilaginous intervertebral disc. • Anterior and lateral surface contain nutrien foramina, opening for blood vessels deliver nutrient and O2 and remove CO2 and wastes from bone tissues.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 12 VertebralArch • 2 short, thick processes called the pedicles, project posteriorly from the vertebrae body to unite with the flat laminae, to form the vertebrae arch. • Vertebral arch extend posteriorly from the body of the vertebra, together with the body and vertebral arch surround the spinal cord by forming the vertebral foramen. • Vertebral foramen contain spinal cord, adipose tissue and areolar connective tissue and blood vessels.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 13 Cont… •Collectively, the vertebral foramina of all vertebrae form the vertebral (spinal) cavity. • The pedicles exhibit superior and inferior indentation called vertebral notches. • Superior and inferior vertebral notch are stacked on top of ones another to form intervertebral foramen. • Intervertebral foramen permits the passage of single spinal nerve that passes to a spesific region of the body.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 14
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 15 Processes •7 processes arise from the vertebral arch. • At the point where lamina and pedicle join, a transverse process extends laterally on each side. • A single spinous process projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae. • These 3 processes serve as points of attachments for muscles.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 16 Cont.. •The remaining 4 processes forms joints with other vertebrae above and below. • 2 superior articular processes articulate with the 2 inferior articular processes of vertebrae above them. • The articulating surfaces of articular processes called facets. • Articulation between the bodies and articular facets of successive vertebrae are called intervertebral joint.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 17 •Neural foramen • Notches between adjacent vertebrae. • Allows for the passage of the spinal nerve roots, spinal artery, veins, nerve plexus, and ligaments Intervertebral Foramen
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 18 IntervertebralDiscs • Intervertebral fibrocartilage. • Lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. • Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae • Acts as a ligaments to hold the vertebrae together.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 19 IntervertebralDisc • Absorb shock • Discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus, which surrounds the inner nucleus pulposus. • As people age, the nucleus pulposus begins to dehydrate, which limits its ability to absorb shock. The annulus fibrosus gets weaker with age and begins to tear.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 20 CervicalVertebrae • C1-C7 • C1, C2, C7 = Atypical , C2 – C6 = Typical • The bodies are smaller than thoracic vertebrae. • Vertebral arches are larger. • Have one vertebral foramina, and two transverse foramina. • Vertebral foramina of cervical vertebrae are the largest in the spinal column because they house the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 21 Cont… •Each cervical transverse processes contain a transverse foramen through which the vertebral artery, vein and nerve pass. • Spinous processes of C2-C6 are often bifid – split into two parts. • The first two cervical vertebra considerably from others. • First cervical vertebrae (C1) called atlas, and second cervical vertebrae (C2) called axis.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 22 TypicalCervical Vertebra
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 23 Cervical1 (Atlas) • The atlas is a ring of bone with anterior and posterior arches and large lateral masses. • Lacks a body and a spinous process. • Large vertebral foramen (triangular) • The superior surface of the lateral masses called superior articular facets are concave. • Superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyle of occipital bone to form atlanto – occipital joint.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 24
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 25 Cont… •These articulation permits the movement for “yes”. • Inferior surface of the lateral masses called inferior articular facets, articulate with axis vertebrae to form atlanto-axial joint. • Transverse process and transverse foramina of the atlas are quiet large. • The large vertebral foramina divide into 2 foramina by the transverse ligament; larger posterior foramina (spinal cord) and smaller anterior foramina (dens)
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 26 Atlas
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 27 Cervical1 (Atlas)
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 28 Cervical2 (Axis) • Atypical cervical vertebra • Have a body • Peglike process called dens or odontoid process projects up through anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas. • The dens makes a pivot on which the atlas and head rotate, as in moving the head to signify “ NO”.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 29 Cervical2 (Axis)
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 30 Atlanto-AxialJoint
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 31 Cont… •This arrangement allow side to side rotation of the head. • The articulation formed between the anterior arch (facet) of the atlas and dens of the axis, and between their articulation facets (inferior and superior articular facets) called the atlanto-axial joint.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 32 Cervical3-6 (C3-C6) • Typical vertebra previously describe. • Referred slide no 21 and 22.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 33 Cervical7 (C7) • Called the vertebra prominents. • Has single large spinous process that can be felt at the base of the neck. • Spinous process is not bifid. • Body is larger. • Pedicles are directed more posteriorly than laterally. • Inferior articular facets face more anteriorly than downwards. • Vertebral foramen, generally smaller than other cervical vertebrae.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 34 Cervical7 (C7) Vertebral Prominents Spinous process not bifid, large project posteriorly
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 35 Cervical7 (C7)
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 36 MUSCLESOF THE NECK THAT MOVE THE HEAD Balance and movement of the head on the vertebral column involves several neck muscles. • Sternocleidomastoid • Semispinalis capitis • Splenius capitis • Longissimus capitis
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 37 Sternocleidomastoid •Origin : sternal head from superior and anterior surface of manubrium of sternum; clavicular head from medial half of clavicle • Insertion : mastoid process of temporal bone • Action : bilaterally – flex cervical portion of vertebral column, flex head and elevate ribs during force inhalation : unilaterally – laterally rotate and flex head to side opposite contracting muscles.
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 38 Sternocleidomastoid(cont…) • Nerve supply (nerve innervations) - accessory (XI) nerve
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 39 SemispinalisCapitis • Origin : transverse process of C7 and T1 – T7 vertebra. • Insertion : occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal line. • Action : bilaterally extend head , unilaterally lateral rotate head to same side as contracting muscle. • Nerve innervations : cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 40 SemispinalisCapitis
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 41 SpleniusCapitis • Origin : ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7 and T1 – T4 • Insertion : occipital bones and mastoid process of temporal bone. • Action : Bilaterally extend head, unilaterally lateral rotate head to same side as contracting muscle. • Nerve innervations : cervical spinal nerves
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 42 SpleniusCapitis
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 43 LongissimusCapitis • Origin : transverse process of T1 – T4 and articular process of C4 – C7 • Insertion : posterior margin of mastoid process of temporal bone. • Action : Bilaterally extend head, unilaterally lateral rotate head to same side as contracting muscle. • Nerve innervations : middle and inferior cervical spinal nerves
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 44
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 45
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 46 NeckFlexion / Extension Extension Flexion
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 47 LateralFlexion
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  Hermizan Halihanafiah 48 HeadRotation