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LIPIDS, FATS, WAXES AND FIXED OIL - Copy.pptx

This document summarizes key lipids including fixed oils, fats, waxes, and their sources and properties. It describes castor oil, chaulmoogra oil, and beeswax - discussing where they are derived from, how they are prepared, characteristics, chemical constituents, uses, and identification tests. Fixed oils and fats are obtained from plants or animals and differ based on melting point. Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols. The document also provides details on wool fat/lanolin, including its source from sheep, preparation, and use as an emollient.

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LIPIDS (Waxes, fats, fixed oils) (Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Bees Wax, Wool Fat)
1. These are naturally occurring organic compounds which are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents (e.g. ether, chloroform, acetone, and benzene) and insoluble in water. 2. They are comprises of fixed oils, fats, and waxes. 3. They have the following major functions: - They serve as structural components of biological membranes. - They provide energy reserves, predominantly in the form of triacylglycerols. - Both lipids and lipid derivatives serve as vitamins and hormones
FIXED OILS AND FATS: 1. Fixed oils and fats are obtained from plants or animal. They are rich in calories and in plant source; they are present mostly in the seeds. 2. They differ only according to their melting point and chemically they belong to the same group. 3. If a substance is liquid at 15.5–16.5°C it is called fixed oil and solid or semisolid at the above temperature, it is called fat. 4. Fixed oils and fats are insoluble in water and alcohol and are soluble in lipid solvents like light petroleum, ether, chloroform, and benzene.
• Exception is castor oil that is soluble in alcohol because of its hydroxy group of ricinoleic acid. They float in water since their specific gravity is less than 1.
• Analytical Parameters for Fats and Oils: Following parameters are used to analyze the fats and oils. • 1. Iodine value: The iodine value is the mass of iodine in grams that is consumed by 100 g of fats or oil. • 2. Saponification value: The saponification value is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1 g of fat under the conditions specified. • 3. Acid value: It is the amount of free acid present in fat as measured by the milligrams of potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize it.
• WAXES: Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols. The fatty acids are same in wax and fats, but the difference being saponification. • Examples: Spermaceti, beeswax, carnuba wax.
CASTOR OIL
1. CASTOR OIL • Synonyms: • Castor bean oil, castor oil seed, ricinus oil • Biological Source: It is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of Ricinus communis Linn., belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. • Geographical Source • It is mainly found in India (Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh), Brazil, America, China, Thailand.
• Preparation: • 1. Castor oil is obtained from castor seeds. • 2. The oil is obtained by two ways: -By removal of the seed coat, - With the seed coat. • 3. By using grooved rollers seed coat are removed and then they are subjected to a current of air to blow the testas. • 4. The kernels are fed in oil expellers and then they are expressed under high pressure (at room temperature) in order to obtain about 30% oil.
• 5. Then oil is filtered and steamed 80–100°C to facilitate the coagulation and precipitation of poisonous principle ricin, proteins and enzyme lipase present in it. • 6. Oil is then filtered and this oil with 1% acidity is used for medical purpose.
• 7. The oil cake (contains of ricin, lipase and about 20% oil) which remains is grounded, steamed and expressed under high pressure which yields second quality of oil with 5% acidity and is used for industrial purpose. • 8. The residual cake which remains after the expression of the second quality oil still contains about 8 to 10% oil and extracted by soxhlet apparatus which is used as manure and not fed to animal due to the presence of ricin. The cake is also used for the production of lipase.
• Characteristics: • Color: colourless or slightly yellow coloured. • Odour : slight • Taste: slightly acrid. • Solubility: soluble in absolute alcohol in all proportions.
• Chemical Constituents: • Castor oil Consists of glyceride of ricinoleic acid, isoricinoleic, stearic, and dihydroxy stearic acids (responsible for laxative activity) • Vitamins and 90% of the fatty acid (ricinoleic acid)
• Identification Tests 1. 5 ml of light petroleum (50° to 60°) + 10 ml of castor oil • Clear solution produced (If the amount of light petroleum is increased to 15 ml, the mixture becomes turbid. This test is not shown by other oils)
Uses: • 1. As mild purgative, fungistatic. • 2. used as an ointment base, wetting agents, as a lubricating agent. • 3. Ricinoleic acid is used in contraceptive creams and jellies. • 4. Also used as an emollient in the preparation of lipsticks, in tooth formulation, as an ingredient in hair oil. • 5. Also used in the textile and leather industries and for manufacturing plastics and fibres. • Marketed Products: • 1. Lip balm and Muscle and joint rub (Himalaya Drug Company).
2. CHAULMOOGRA OIL (Mainly used in leprosy (skin disease) Synonyms: Hydnocarpus oil; gynocardia oil. • Biological Source: It is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression from ripe seeds of Taraktogenos kurzii King and other species of Hydnocarpus, belonging to family Flacourtiaceae. • Geographical Source: It is found in Burma, Thailand, eastern India, and Indo-China.
Characteristics: • Color: yellow or brownish yellow. • Odour: peculiar • Taste: sharp • Solubility: soluble in benzene, chloroform, ether, petrol; slightly soluble in cold alcohol; almost entirely soluble in hot alcohol and carbon disulphide
Chemical Constituents • Chaulmoogra oil contain hydnocarpin, Apigenin, luteolin And chaulmoogric acid • Also contains glycerides of cyclopentenyl fatty acids ( hydnocarpic acid, chaulmoogric acid, gorlic acid palmitic acid, and oleic acid .
• Uses: • 1. The oil is useful in leprosy and many other skin diseases • 2. The fatty acids of the oil exhibit specific toxicity for Mycobaeterium leprae and M. tuberculosis.
3. BEESWAX Synonyms: White beeswax, yellow beeswax Biological Source: It is the purified wax obtained from honeycomb of hive bee, Apis mellifera Linn and other species of Apis, belonging to family Apidae. Geographical Source: It is mainly found in Jamaica, Egypt, Africa, India, France, Italy and California.
Preparation • 1. The worker bee secretes the wax due to the ability of maintaining a high temperature. • 2. Wax is exudates from the chitinous area of the bee. • 3. Wax forms about 1/8th part of the honeycomb. • 4. After removal of honey, honeycomb is melted in boiling water. • 5. On cooling the melted wax gets solidified and floats on the surface of water while the impurities settle below and honey leftovers get dissolved in water. • 6. The pure wax is then poured into earthen vessels wiped with damp cloth and the wax so obtained is yellow beeswax.
7. White beeswax is obtained from yellow beeswax. The yellow beeswax is runned on a thin stream of spinning wet drum, from which long ribbon like strips are scrapped off. 8. White beeswax is further obtained by bleaching of yellow bees wax under sunlight. 9. Then chemically obtained with potassium permanganate, chromic acid or chlorine or charcoal.
Characterisitics: • 1. Yellow wax • Color: yellowish to greyish brown • odour : honey-like • Taste: faint, characteristic • Solubility: Yellow wax is insoluble in water and sparingly soluble in cold alcohol and completely soluble in chloroform, ether, and in fixed or volatile oils,
2. White wax • Color: yellowish white • Odour: faint, characteristic • Taste: tasteless • Solubility: It is insoluble in water, soluble in chloroform, Ether, fixed oil, and volatile oils (hot turpentine oil) and Sparingly soluble in alcohol. Chemical Constituents: • 1. Beeswax contains myricin, cerotic acid, myricyl alcohol, Melissic acid, and some unsaturated acids of the oleic series, ceryl alcohol, and 12 to 13% higher hydrocarbons .
Uses: • Beeswax is used in the preparation of ointments, plaster, and polishes. Adulterants • Beeswax is adulterated by solid paraffin, ceresin, carnauba wax, or other fats and waxes of animal or mineral origin. Marketed Products: • 1. Saaf Organic Eraser Body Oil and Jatyadi tail (Dabur).
4. WOOL FAT OR LANOLIN Synonyms : Wool fat, Anhydrous lanolin, Laniol. Biological Source: It is the fat-like purified secretion of the sebaceous glands which is deposited into the wool fibres of sheep, Ovis aries Linn., belonging to family Bovidae.
Preparation: • 1. Wool is cut and washed with a soap or alkali. • 2. An emulsion of wool fat, called as wool grease, takes place in water. • 3. Raw lanolin is separated by cracking the emulsion with sulphuric acid. • 4. Wool grease floats on the upper layer and fatty acids are dissolved in the lower layer. • 5. Lanolin is purified by treating with sodium peroxide and bleaching with reagents.
Characteristics • Color: yellowish white • odour : slight and characteristic. • Solubility: insoluble in water, but soluble in chloroform or ether with the separation of the water.
Chemical Constituents: • It is a complex mixture of esters and polyesters (high molecular weight alcohols and fatty acids.) • The chief constituents of lanolin are cholesterol, isocholesterol, unsaturated monohydric alcohols. • It also contain lanoceric, lanopalmitic, carnaubic, and other fatty acids. • Lanolin also contains esters of oleic and myristic acids and aliphatic alcohols.
Identification Tests: • 0.5 g of lanolin + chloroform • then add 1 ml of acetic anhydride + two drops of sulphuric acid • A deep green colour is produced, indicating the presence of cholesterol.
Uses: 1. as an emollient, as water absorbable ointment base in many skin creams and cosmetic. 2. Wool fat is readily absorbed through skin and helps in increasing the absorption of active ingredients incorporated in the ointment. 3. Also act as an allergenic contactant in hypersensitive persons.