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Japanese garden

Japanese gardens, with origins tracing back to the Asuka period, reflect the principles of Shinto, Buddhism, and Taoism through their design, focusing on natural aesthetics and spiritual tranquility. Key concepts include wabi-sabi, asymmetry, and the seamless integration of elements like water, rocks, and plants that evoke emotional responses. Various styles such as zen, tea gardens, and promenade gardens illustrate the diverse functionality and meditative purpose of these landscapes.

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LANDSCAPE DESIGN JAPANESE GARDENS PRESENTED TO: AR.MAVISH ANJUM PRESENTED BY: AYUSH JAISWAL ROHIT BHATT SUKHLEEN KAUR
INTRODUCTION: The idea of these unique gardens began during the Asuka period(538 to 710). Inspired by Chinese landscape gardens. Japanese gardens first appeared on the island of Honshu. Japanese gardens have their roots in Japanese religion of Shinto. (Shinto is a traditional religion of Japan focuses to establish a connection between present day and ancient past.) Earlier gardens were designed in order to bring a spiritual sense to the gardens and make them places where people could spend their time in a peaceful way and meditate Today, in many parts of Japan and the western parts of the world the traditions of Japanese garden art are still maintained. The intensity of expression, continue to inspire many artists that aspire to create a personal Japanese garden of their own. Japanese gardens are commonly known as Zen gardens.
CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT  The history of the Japanese gardens goes back to around the 7th century. The first Japanese gardens, that expressed Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism visions can be traced back to the Asuka Period. They were designed to capture the landscape in its natural form. From this period the basic rules of designing gardens was established.  Heian Period(794 to 1185) is the second very important chapter in the development of Japanese garden art.  During the Kamakura Period(1192) and Muromachi Period(1336 to 1573) garden-making techniques improved considerably because of the rise ofthe Zen style. Many gardens designed in that time were properties of successive shoguns and daimios, who belong to the highest class in Japanese society. Famous gardens created after Meiji Period were frequented by business people and politicians. Most of them are opened to the public now and play a role in city parks.
CONCEPT OF TIME AND SPACE ■ The concept of wabi and sabi: Wabi can denote something one-of-a-kind, or the spirit of something. Sabi defines time or the ideal image of something. While a cement lantern may be one of a kind, it lacks that ideal image. A rock can be old and covered with lichens, but if it is just a round boulder it has no wabi. We must strive to find that balance. ■The concept of wabi/sabi deal with time and space. Where the garden is our space, time is ably presented by the changing seasons. Unlike the western gardener the Japanese garden devotee visits and appreciates the garden in all the seasons.
■ The fence is a tool to enhance the concept of miegakure, or hide and reveal. ■ Many of the fence styles offer only the merest of visual screens, and will be supplemented with a screen planting, offering just the ghostly hints of the garden behind. Sometimes a designer will cut a small window in a solid wall to present the passerby with a tantalizing glimpse of what lies beyond. MIEGAKURE Even if we enter the house to view the garden we may well encounter sode-gaki, or sleeve fences. This is a fence that attaches to an architectural structure, be it a house or another fence, to screen a specific view. To view the garden as a whole one must enter it and become one with the garden. This is the final step in the true appreciation of the garden, to lose oneself in it until time and self have no meaning
BASIC RULES IN THE DESIGN OF JAPANESE GARDENS  Natural: That should make the garden look as if it grew by itself  Asymmetry: That creates the impression of it being natural  Odd numbers: Like three, five or seven; that support the effect of the asymmetry.  Simplicity: That follows the idea of 'less is more'  Triangle: That is the most common shape for compositions made of stones, plants, etc.  Contrast: That creates tension between elements  Lines: That can create both tranquillity (calm) and tension.  Curves: That softens the effect  Openness: That indicates interaction between all elements
ESSENTIAL ASPECTS  The line between garden and its surrounding landscape is not distinct. In the Japanese garden, the viewer should consider nature as a picture frame into which the garden, or the man- made work of art, is inserted.
ELEMENTS OF JAPANESE GARDENS Water Rock and sand Garden bridges Stone lanterns and water basins Garden fences and gates Trees and flowers Fish
WATER  Water is used not just for its visual quality, but also for its sound.  The Japanese have learnt to exploit the sound of water in all its various form. it varies from powerful waterfall to water falling into a water basin, creating different emotions.  It represents the sea, lake, pond or river in nature.  Non geometrical in appearance; in order to preserve the natural shapes, man- made ponds are asymmetrical.  The bank of the pond is usually bordered by stones A fountain is sometimes found at the bottom of a hill or hillside or forest.
There are number of ways in which water can be used in Japanese gardens:  As a pond or lake setting, in a stream and as a waterfall.  If the objective is to create an expensive atmosphere then a pond or lake is the answer.  If the aim is dynamic effect, which will stimulate both visual and acoustic senses then waterfall is more suitable Wells are also used in japanese gardens..
ROCKS ANDSAND Rock, sand and gravel are an essential feature of the Japanese garden. The rocks are like the coordinates of a garden project. Rocks and water also symbolize yin and yang (in Chinese philosophy it describes how seemingly opposite may actually be complementary), the hard rock and soft water complement each other, and water, though soft, can wear away rock.
SIZE 1. only when viewed in the context of the scale of the garden & its relationship with the neighboring rocks and other artifacts. 2. Variation in rock sizes offer greater contrast & interest resulting in the more dynamic arrangement of rocks. 3. Rocks are traditionally classified as tall vertical, low vertical, arching, reclining, or flat. COLOURS 1. generally bright colors are avoided. 2. Color of rocks generally varies from grey to black, and from yellow to brick red on other hand.
TEXTURE 1. Rocks are often used to represent islands and mountains, so conical or dome shaped rough volcanic rocks would be the obvious choice.(kansai) 2. Hard metamorphic rocks are usually placed by waterfalls or streams. 3. A jagged textured rock gives feeling of timelessness and dignity. 4. Smooth rocks like water worn stones or glacial boulders convey the feeling of antiquity(ancient past) especially when combined in an interesting shape are used around lakes or as stepping stones.
Certain guidelines or ground rules are followed to achieve good results such as: 1. Rocks of varying sizes are used to emphasize the contrast. 2.asymmetric arrangement of rocks is preferred over symmetrical arrangement. 3.Sometimes there is a tradition for arranging the rocks to reflect the philosophical concept heaven, earth and man.
GARDEN BRIDGES Bridges could be made of stone (ishibashi), or of wood, or made of logs with earth on top, covered with moss (dobashi); they could be either arched (soribashi) or flat (hirabashi). Bridges can be painted red if it is used for temple garden, as per Chinese tradition.
STONE LANTERNS & WATER BASINS  Stone lanterns-In its complete and original form, a dai-doro, like the pagoda, represents the five elements of Buddhist cosmology. The piece touching the ground represents chi, the earth; the next section represents sui, or water; ka or fire, is represented by the section encasing the lantern's light or flame, while fū (air) and kū (void or spirit) are represented by the last two sections, top-most and pointing towards the sky.  The segments express the idea that after death our physical bodies will go back to their original, elemental form.
Stone water basins, (tsukubai) were originally placed in gardens for visitors to wash their hands and mouth before the tea ceremony. The water is provided to the basin by a bamboo pipe and they usually have a wooden ladle for drinking the water. In tea gardens, the basin was placed low to the ground, so the drinker had to bend over to get his water
GARDEN FENCES & GATES There are three types of fences: 1. The short fence which extends from the house into the garden 2. An inner fence 3. an outer fence. Short fences or sodegaki are screens that hide unwanted views or objects. They are about 6 or 7 feet high and add color and texture to the garden. Materials used are bamboo,wood and twigs of bamboo or tree.
TREES AND FLOWERS Plants are chosen according to aesthetic principles, Plants are used either to hide undesirable sights or to serve as a backdrop to certain garden features, or to create a picturesque scene, like a landscape painting or postcard. Trees are carefully chosen and arranged for their autumn colors. Mosses often used to suggest that the garden is ancient. Flowers are also carefully chosen by their season of flowering. Some plants are chosen for their religious symbolism, such as the lotus, sacred in Buddhist teachings, or the pine, which represents longevity. The trees are carefully trimmed to provide attractive scenes, and to prevent them from blocking other views of the garden
Moss: • It is a primitive plant and there are many different varieties in existence. • Moss needs damp shady conditions in order to flourish. • In constantly dry, sunny aspect, it will not grow. • Moss is most often found in woodland area under the shade of trees where nothing else will grow. Azaleas When properly done, groups of azaleas can be sheared into large masses, or individual semi-spherical shapes, adding crisp, clean lines and a voluptuousness to garden compositions.
TREES IN JAPANESE GARDENS JAPANESE FIR  Scientific Name: Abies Firma  Habitat: Evergreen  Texture: Coarse  Height: 40’ to 70’  Leaf: 1.5" dark green needles are notched at base; sharp prickly point  Flower/Fruit: 3.5 to 5" brown cones JAPANESE STRIPPED – BARK MAPPLE  Scientific Name: Acer capillipes  Habit: Deciduous  Growth Rate: Moderate  Site Requirements: Sun to partial shade; prefers moist, well drained soil  Texture: Medium  Form: Round head; low branches  Height: 30 to 35’  Flower/Fruit: Greenish white flowers
JAPANESE MAPLE  Scientific Name: Acer palmatum  Growth Rate: Slow to moderate  Site Requirements: Light dappled shade; evenly moist, well drained soil; protect from drying winds  Texture: Medium to fine  Form: Low; dense rounded top; spreading branches; assumes a layered look  Height: 15 to 25'  Flower/Fruit: Small red to purple flowers; attractive if viewed closely but insignificant from a distance.
JAPANESE CHERRY BIRCH Scientific Name Betula grossa Growth Rate: Moderate Site Requirements: Sun; moist well drained soil Texture: Medium Form: Pyramidal Height: 20 to 25' Leaf: 2 to 4" alternate, simple leaves; yellow fall color Flower/Fruit: Nonshowy flowers
FISH The idea of using fish in landscape garden is borrowed from Chinese garden. Japan is a country where a large population leaves little land available for flower gardens. The Japanese, therefore, have found places to grow living flowers, the colored carps. They appeared in Japan many centuries ago and the Japanese have crossbred them for over 100 years, producing carps of high value that bring a flash of colour to the shallow waters. Carps can live for up to 50 years. In Japanese culture, they are a symbol of strength and perseverance.
PATHS OR TOBI ISHI  Usually used in tea gardens.  Flat stepping stones served to preserve the grass as well as orient the viewer to a specific visual experience.  Step- stones are found near the veranda or entrance of the house or tea room. The visitor of the house or room is expected to place his shoes on the step- stone before entering.
KASAN AND BONSAI KASAN These are miniatures of mountains in Japan. They are made up of ceramics, dried wood or strangely-shaped stones. They generally have sharp peaks. BONSAI Bonsai is a Japanese art form using miniature trees grown in containers. The trees are usually less than one meter high and kept small by pruning, re-potting, growth pinching, and wiring the branches. Pine, cypress, holly, cedar, cherry, maple
TYPES Today there are several styles in Japanese gardens as per function – 1.POND GARDEN 2.PARADISE GARDEN 3.HERMITAGE GARDEN 4.DRY ROCK GARDEN OR ZEN GARDENS 5.TEA GARDENS - simple, rustic gardens with teahouses where the Japanese tea ceremony is conducted. 6.PROMENADE OR STROLL GARDENS - where the visitor follows a path around the garden to see carefully-composed landscapes. 7.COURTYARD GARDENS
POND GARDEN known as "lake-spring-boat excursion garden“. It was imported from China during the Heian Period Elements of pond garden – •Lake •Islands Features – It featured a large, ornate residence with two long wings reaching south to a large lake and garden. These gardens had large lakes with small islands, where musicians played during festivals and ceremonies.
THE PARADISE GARDEN The Paradise Garden appeared in the late Heian Period. They were meant to symbolize Paradise or the Pure Land (Jōdo), where the Buddha sat on a platform contemplating a lotus pond. Elements of paradise garden – •A lake island known as Nakajima •a Buddha hall •Arching bridge Features – These gardens featured a lake island called Nakajima, where the Buddha hall was located, connected to the shore by an arching bridge. Temple in Uji, near Kyoto. a paradise garden in Kyoto.
HERMITAGE GARDEN A hermitage garden is a small garden usually built by a samurai or government official who wanted to retire from public life and devote himself to study or meditation. Elements of these gardens – •Garden – traditional garden features •Rustic house •Winding path Features – The garden is attached to a rustic house, and approached by a winding path, which suggests it is deep in a forest. It may have a small pond, a Japanese rock garden, and the other features of traditional gardens, in miniature, designed to create tranquility and inspiration. Shisen-dō, built in Kyoto, in the 17th century, one of the best examples of a hermitage garden
THE ZEN TEMPLE GARDENS These are meant for meditation. Elements of rock/ zen gardens – •White sand •Raked gravel Features – These gardens have white sand or raked gravel in place of water, carefully-arranged rocks, and sometimes rocks and sand covered with moss. Also described as “gardens of emptiness”. Generally, a garden that has nothing but a few bare rocks in patch of sand. These gardens were uncluttered and reduced to the bare minimum. Some refer to them as mini-malsit gardens also.
TEA GARDENS The style of garden takes its name from the path to the teahouse, which is supposed to inspire the visitor to meditation to prepare him for the ceremony. ELEMENTS OF TEA GARDEN – •Outer garden •Gate •Covered arbor •Inner garden •Moist and green pathway Features – There is an outer garden, with a gate and covered arbor where guests wait for the invitation to enter. ▪ They then pass through a gate to the inner garden, where they wash their hands and rinse their mouth, as they would before entering a Shinto shrine, before going into the teahouse itself. ▪ The path is always kept moist and green, so it will look like a remote mountain path, and their are no bright flowers that might distract the visitor from his meditation.
PROMENADE GARDENS These gardens were meant to be seen by following a path clockwise around the lake from one carefully- composed scene to another. Elements of promenade gardens – •Scenery – mountains ,temples •Pathway , fences, bamboo ,buildings Features – These gardens used two techniques to provide interest; "borrowed scenery", which took advantage of views of scenery outside the garden, such as mountains or temples, incorporating them into the view so the garden looked larger than it really was; and "hide-and-reveal," which used winding paths, fences, bamboo and buildings to hide the scenery so the visitor would not see it until he was at the best view point.
COURTYARD GARDEN These small gardens were originally found in the interior courtyards of Heian Period and palaces. Elements of courtyard garden – •Stone Lantern •A Water Basin •Stepping Stones •Plants Features – These tiny gardens were meant to be seen, not entered. These were designed to give a glimpse of nature and some privacy to the residents of the rear side of the building. The Japanese courtyards are not large areas, in fact are very small spaces seldom more than fifty to a hundred square feet in size.
 Ryōanji (Peaceful Dragon Temple) is a Zen temple and World Heritage Site in northwest Kyoto, Japan.  Best known for its Zen garden, simple gravel-and-rock arrangement that inspires peace and contemplation.  It is considered one of the finest surviving examples of kare-sansui (dry landscape).  The garden consists of raked gravel and fifteen moss-covered boulders, which are placed so that, when looking at the garden from any angle only fourteen of the boulders are visible at one time. PLANNING AND DETAILS
 It is traditionally said that only through attaining enlightenment would one be able to view the fifteenth boulder.  The garden measures thirty by seventy-eight feet.  To the east, a low wall surrounds the garden.  On its north side the long veranda where the visitors experience the garden is located  On the southern and western side, a wall-topped with thatched roof tile edges the garden.
CLUBBIBNG OF ROCKS
CHERRY BLOSSOM AT THE WATER GARDEN
INTRODUCTION Also known as Rokuon-ji, is a Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan. The Golden Pavilion is a three-story building on the grounds of the Rokuon-ji temple complex. The top two stories of the pavilion are covered with pure gold leaf. The Golden Pavilion is set in a magnificent Japanese strolling garden. The pavilion extends over a pond, called Kyoko-chi (Mirror Pond), that reflects the building. The Kinkaku-ji grounds were built according to descriptions of the Western Paradise of the Buddha Amida, intending to illustrate a harmony between heaven and earth. The largest islet in the pond represents the Japanese islands. The four stones forming a straight line in the pond near the pavilion are intended to represent sailboats anchored at night, bound for the Isle of Eternal Life in Chinese mythology.
 The Kyoko-chi pond spreads in the central of the garden (south) with the Kinugasa-yama mountain (north) in the background.  Inside the pond are eight vary sized islands or famous rocks dedicated by feudal lords of that time, expressing the Land of Happiness by likening it to the Shichiho-ike pond drawn in the Jyodo (paradise) mandala.  The gorgeous Golden pavilion symbols the Land of Happiness.
 The pond reflects the Golden Pavilion like a mirror, and makes the gorgeous Golden Pavilion shine even more.  The rustic thatch-roofed building stands in great contrast to the shiny Golden Pavilion.  The water falls in the Kinkaku-ji garden drop a distance of 2.3 meters before emptying into the pool. In the pool are stones resembling carp (rigyoseki), in reference to the ancient Chinese myth that when carp climb up waterfalls they transform into dragons. The dragon itself is exemplified by the diagonal rock seeming to rise up out of the water at the base of the falls. PLANNING
 Tranquillity Pond (Anmintaku, also known as Ushitaku and Bôuntaku) is a small pool surrounded by trees.  Because it never dried up, even during droughts, the pond was also used as a spot at which to pray for rain.  In the centre is a small island with a five-element stupa known as the White Snake Mound.
 In the front garden of the Abbot's Quarters is a kochô wabisuke tree planted by Emperor Gomizunoo. This is the oldest living example of a kochô wabisuke tree, which is a variety of camella.