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Investigative reporting

Investigative journalism involves deeply investigating topics of public interest, such as crime, corruption, or corporate wrongdoing. It requires original research through sources and documents to uncover new information or shed light on an issue in a way that reveals its significance. The core of investigative journalism is to uncover information that is in the public interest. Successful investigative journalists employ strong reporting skills, determination, and ethics to ferret out well-guarded information from hostile sources on issues that matter to readers.

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Adapted from Investigative Journalism Manuals Konrad Adenauer Stiftung
One of the major duties of a journalist is to be a civic watch dog and achieving this often demands investigation and in- depth work.
Thus, in a way, all stories are investigative stories because they require research, digging, interviewing and writing.
According to Itule and Anderson (2007: 397), all reporters are investigators who are trained to ask questions, uncover information and write the most complete stories possible.
Nevertheless, some reporters concentrate solely on investigations of wrongdoings.
They deal with reporter-adversary relationships that are usually not found in beat reporting or other in-depth coverage.
Their aim is to ferret out well- guarded information from often hostile sources. This gives them a chance to be creative, to become part of their reader‟s emotional lives and sometimes to uncover an injustice and correct it
According to Ansell et al (2002: 4-5) investigative reporting has the following elements:  It’s about digging deeply into an issue or topic  The issue or topic has to be of public interest  It’s a process, not an event  It’s original and proactive  It should produce new information or put together previously available  information in a new way to reveal its significance  It should be multi-sourced  Because of its in-depth nature, it calls for greater resources, team working  and time than a routine news report
The core of investigative journalism is to uncover information that is in the public’s interest.
Investigative journalism is a form of journalism in which reporters deeply investigate a single topic of interest, often involving crime, political corruption, or corporate wrongdoing.
University of Missouri journalism professor Steve Weinberg defined investigative journalism as: “Reporting, through one's own initiative and work product, matters of importance to readers, viewers, or listeners”
British media theorist Hugo de Burgh (2000) states that: “An investigative journalist is a man or woman whose profession it is to discover the truth and to identify lapses from it in whatever media may be available…
…the act of doing this generally is called investigative journalism and is distinct from apparently similar work done by police, lawyers, auditors, and regulatory bodies in that it is not limited as to target, not legally founded and closely connected to publicity.”
…any journalist becomes an investigative journalist when their story grows in scope and depth beyond a routine report
So investigative journalism: 1- employs the toolkit of any good reporter, but at a very high level of skill; 2- uncovers both facts formally defined as secret and issues nobody wants to talk about; and 3- looks beyond individuals to faulty systems and processes.
Qualities of an investigative journalist  Passion  Curiosity  Initiative  Logical thinking, organisation and self-discipline  Flexibility  Teamworking and communication skills  Well-developed reporting skills  Broad general knowledge and good research skills  Determination and patience  Fairness and strong ethics  Discretion  Citizenship  Courage
Story ideas:  Your own experience and that of friends and neighbours  Follow-ups on previous stories  Reading and the Internet  Street, café and taxi gossip  Routine checks of public information and with contacts.  Tip-offs
Tip-offs can produce dramatic stories, but should be handled very carefully.
Story ideas:  Investigative journalism sets its own agenda, and uses sources and tips to uncover important truths. When sources and tips use the journalist, this is called ‘leak journalism’, not investigation.  Wherever a story idea comes from, journalists should start with their own and their community’s real concerns:
Story ideas:  Analyse those concerns  Boil the story idea down to a clear „headline‟ to focus the investigation  Source map the story  Data map the information as it is uncovered.
Planning the investigation  You need a framework of structured questions that will allow you to move from a broad, theoretical story idea to a tightly-framed hypothesis or question your IJ project can prove or answer  You need to plan your project, thinking about rationale, sources, obstacles, timeline and budget
Planning the investigation  You need to base any story pitch on this plan  Consider all sources: primary, secondary, paper, human and digital  Be aware of the uses of each, and construct a methodology that allows you to dig for information from sources that are appropriate.
The first is the classic formula for focusing a story:  What’s been happening? So what? (Why should our readers care?)  Who did it? How did they do it? What are the consequences? How can it be put right?  What went wrong? How did it go wrong? Why did it go wrong? What are the consequences? How can it be put right?  What’s the news? What’s the story? What’s the keyword?  What’s the rationale? (Why are we doing this story?)
Everybody leaves a paper trail in a modern society
Be careful when dealing with biased sources
Sources and Spin Doctors  The usefulness of sources depends not only on the sources themselves, but how skillfully you use them.  Start with your subject, and then ‘map’ witnesses, people currently or previously involved, experts and relevant official and organisational contacts. Make your selection from these.
Sources and Spin Doctors  Select and evaluate experts carefully, and find a way of dealing with differences in expert views without distorting arguments.  Pay particular attention to organisational contacts who act as gate-keepers, surveyors and door-openers.  Use covert techniques only after careful decision-making on important, public-interest stories.  Evaluate sources and documents methodically. Use the two-source rule to try to ensure that each of your findings has independent back-up.  Beware of spin. Question the origins and motives of everything
The most important principle is that your relationship with your sources is sacred. Do not make promises you cannot keep. If you have made promises, you must be prepared to put your own liberty or life on the line to see they are kept.
Investigative Interviewing  Interview preparation is key  Set up the interview in a way that suits the story and circumstances.  Lose the attitude.  Have a strategy for the whole interview.  Keep questions clear, simple and direct.  Establish ground rules  Follow-up, re-phrase or reflect back to get answers that are equally clear and direct.  Handle reluctant or fearful interviewees kindly and carefully – but don’t let them off the hook.  Establish support structures and strategies to help you deal with threats and intimidation.  Never take interview answers out of context.
Writing the investigative story  This requires choices about: form, content, and style.  The 7 stages of writing: choosing the subject, planning, news gathering, pre- writing, writing, re-writing and feedback.  Good writing: accuracy, clarity, conciseness, coherence, conventionality and originality.
Writing the investigative story  Make sure the story is complete  Make sure the story makes sense  Make sure the story is written well, as well as time will allow.
Writing the investigative story  Descriptive story: who, what, where, & when.  Analytical story: how & why.  Consequential story: so what?
references  Steve Weinberg, The Reporter's Handbook: An Investigator's Guide to Documents and Techniques, St. Martin's Press, 1996.  Investigative Journalism: Context and Practice, Hugo de Burgh (ed), Routledge, London and New York, 2000.  Ansell et al (2002) „Investigative Journalism in Africa: Walking through a Minefield at Midnight‟ Reporters without Borders.  Itule, Bruce and Anderson, Douglas (2007): News Writing and Reporting for Today’s Media 7th edition. McGraw Hill New York U.S.A.