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Ketan Patil, profile picture
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Internal Ballistics

Internal ballistics refers to what occurs within a weapon's barrel from firing to bullet exit. Key phenomena include: - Ignition starts when the firing pin strikes the primer, igniting propellant which burns to form high-pressure gas. - Propellant combustion and barrel length impact velocity - short barrels require fast-burning powder while long barrels use progressive-burning powder. - Atmospheric conditions like temperature affect ballistics, as ammunition is manufactured for a specific temperature range and velocities vary with temperature.

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Internal ballistics
What is internal ballistic • internal ballistics is the study of what happens within the barrel of a weapon from the moment the firing pin hits the primer to the time the bullet exit from the barrel .
Phenomenon of internal ballistics Ignition Combustion of propellants and barrel length Atmospheric condition like temperature etc. Shape of the cartridge case Heat problems and combustion of propellants Burning of propellants and geometry of gun powder Pressure and its measurement
Ignition • When the firing pin strikes the hammer, the priming compound explodes with great velocity causing jet of flames often extremely high temperature to pass through the flash hole into propellant chamber .this jet of flame with a temperature of about 2000° C ignites the propellant which burns at high speed to form a large volume of high pressure gas
Lock time Ignition time Barrel time Ignition
Lock time • Lock time is the time interval between release of the sear and the impact of the striker on the percussion cap.
Ignition time • Ignition time is the duration or interval between the striking of the firing pin to blow the ignition of the first grain of powder.
Barrel time • Barrel time is the time interval from the passing of the trigger to the exit of the bullet from the muzzle end.
Combustion of propellant and barrel length • Generally small barrel firearms require quick burning powder is converted into gases, before the projectile is pushed out of the barrel. If slow burning powder is used in small barrel firearms ,air will be achieved of less velocity to the projectile . In long barrel firearm , require progressive burning powder so that powder is converted into gases and will provides sufficient velocity to the projectile travels through the barrel.
Atmospheric temperature • The ammunition is manufactured to give the desired velocities and pressures at a particular atmospheric temperature. If the temperature differs only slightly at the place of the use, the ballistic aspects are not seriously affected. If temperature variations are substantial (e.g., in Ladakh or in Rajasthan desert), they affect the ballistics aspects of the ammunition. In hot places the pressures developed may be excessive and the firearm may burst. In cold places the ammunition may develop low velocities. Indian Ordnance Factories manufacture most of their ammunition with a temperature tolerance of —52°Cto72°C.It has been found that the variation in velocities because of the temperature is about one meter per second per degree centigrade.
Shape of the cartridge case • It has been observed that if there is an abrupt junction of the neck and the case, the rounds develop greater pressure (for the same quantity of powder). The combustion is more uniform. It appears that abrupt neck joint deflects the hot gases inward. The hot gases quickly ignite the powder charge in every nook and corner. Thus correct initiation and complete combustion of the powder charge takes place inside the cartridge. It reduces excessive heating and wear and tear of the barr
Heat problems and combustion of propollents • During the combustion of propellants, the temperature often reaches to 3000°C. The steel barrels of the firearm easily melt at these temperatures, if gases at this temperature remain in the barrel for any appreciable time. But fortunately the time for which the hot gases are in contact with the barrel is about 0.001 second. The repeating firearms (automatic or semi-automatic) are eroded. more quickly. In these the barrels do not get sufficient time between the shots to get cooled. The erosion at high temperatures is greater.
•Thank you • By Reeta pandey