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Intake structures in wwwe

The document discusses intake structures used in water and wastewater engineering, emphasizing their role in collecting water from surface sources such as lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and canals. It details the types of intake structures, their construction features, and design considerations necessary for effective operation and maintenance. Key aspects include ensuring safety against external forces, preventing entry of large objects, and maintaining suitable water flow velocities.

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SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BAKROL
SUB:- WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING (2160604) GUIDED BY: MOHIT SIR SR. NO. NAME ENROLLMENT NO. 1 JIGNESH PRAJAPATI 151240106061 2 MITESH PRAJAPATI 151240106064 3 NILESH PRAJAPATI 151240106065 4 TIRATH PRAJAPATI 151240106066 TOPIC: INTAKE STRUCTURES
INTAKE STRUCTURE The main function of the intakes is to collect water from the surface source and then discharge water so collected, by means of pumps or directly to the treatment plant.
• Intakes structures essentially consists of opening, strainer through which the raw water from river, canal or reservoir enters and carried to the sump well. • water from the sump well is pumped through the rising mains to the treatment plant.
TYPES OF INTAKE Depending on the source of water, the intake works are classified as follows: • Lake Intake • Reservoir Intake • River Intake • Canal Intake
LAKE INTAKE: • For obtaining water from lakes mostly submersible intakes are used. • These intakes are constructed in the bed of the lake below the water level. • These intakes have advantages such as no obstruction to the navigation, no danger from the floating bodies and no trouble due to ice. • As these intakes draw small quantity of water, these are not used in big water supply schemes or on rivers or reservoirs. The main reason being that they are not easily approachable for maintenance.
RIVER INTAKE: • Water from the rivers is always drawn from the upstream side, because it is free from the contamination caused by the disposal of sewage in it. • It is circular masonry tower of 4 to 7 m in diameter constructed along the bank of the river at such place from where required quantity of water can be obtained even in the dry period. • The water enters in the lower portion of the intake known as sump well from penstocks.
RESERVOIR INTAKE • It consists of an intake well, which is placed near the dam and connected to the top of dam by foot bridge.
• The intake pipes are located at different levels with common vertical pipe. The valves of intake pipes are operated from the top. • Each intake pipe is provided with bell mouth entry with perforations of fine screen on its surface. The outlet pipe is taken out through the body of dam. The location of intake pipes at different levels ensures supply of water from a level lower than the surface level. • When the valve of an intake pipe is opened the water is drawn off from the reservoir to the outlet pipe through the common vertical pipe.
CANAL INTAKE • A intake chamber is constructed in the canal section.This results in the reduction of water way which increases the velocity of flow. It therefore becomes necessary to provide pitching on the downstream and upstream portion of canal intake.
• The entry of water in the intake chamber takes through coarse screen and the top of outlet pipe is provided with fine screen. • The inlet to outlet pipe is of bell-mouth shape with perforations of the fine screen on its surface. • The outlet valve is operated from the top and it controls the entry of water into the outlet pipe from where it is taken to the treatment plant.
Design Considerations • sufficient factor of safety against external forces such as heavy currents, floating materials, submerged bodies, ice pressure, etc. • should have sufficient self weight so that it does not float by upthrust of water.
• The intake structures design should provide for withdrawal of water from more than one level to cope up with seasonal variations of depth of water. Undersluices should be provided for release of less desirable water held in storage. • Undermining of foundations due to water currents or overturning pressures, due to deposits of silt against one side of an intake structure, are to be avoided. • The entrance of large objects into the intake pipe is prevented by coarse screen or by obstructions offered by small openings in the crib work placed around the intake pipe. Fine screens for the exclusion of small fish and other small objects should be placed at an accessible point.
• The conduit for conveying water from the intake should lead to a suction well in or near the pumping station. For conduits laid under water, standard cast iron pipe may be used. Larger conduits may be of steel of concrete.A tunnel makes the safest conduit. • A velocity of 60 to 90 cm/s in the intake conduit with a lower velocity through the ports will give satisfactory performance. The horizontal cross-sectional area of the suction well should be three to five times the vertical cross-sectional area of the intake conduit.
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