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Immunopharmacology

This document summarizes topics related to immunopharmacology including inflammatory mediators, cell-derived mediators, plasma-derived mediators, types of allergic reactions including humoral and cell-mediated reactions, pharmacotherapy of asthma and COPD, immunomodulators including immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. It provides classifications and examples of different drug classes used for treatment and modulation of the immune system.

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M pharmacy 2nd sem. Session :- 2020-2021 TOPIC :- Immunopharmacology Subject code :- MPL 201T Subject name :- Advanced pharmacology - || Submitted By :- Sachin Gulia (9003) Submitted To :- Anuradha ma’am MAHARSHI DYANAND UNIVERSITY
IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY Immunopharmacology is defined as that part of pharmacology that deals with drugs acting on the immune system and, in addition ,with the pharmacological action of substances derived from the immune system .
INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS • Mediators are the substances that initiate and regulate inflammatory reactions. •Most mediators perform their biological activity by initially binding to specific receptors on target cells. •Mediators originate either from plasma or cells  classification a. Cell derived mediators b. Plasma derived mediators
CELL DERIVED MEDIATORS a) Vasoactive amines (serotonin,histamine) b) Arachidonic acid metabolites  Cycloxygenase pathway  Lipoxygenase pathway c) Lysosomal components d) Platelet activating factor e) Cytokines (IL -1,TNF-alfa,beta,chemokines) f) Nitric oxide and oxygen metabolites
PLASMA DERIVED MEDIATORS A. The kinin system B. The clotting system C. The fibrinolytic system D. The complement system
ALLERGY AND HYPRSENSITIVITY REACTION  Allergies are caused by an abnormal response of the immune response.  Cause by pollen, mold, dust, animal, certain foods, insect stings etc  The body produces an antibody, IgE, to bind the allergen.  These antibodies attach to a mast cell, which can be found in the airways, intestines, and elsewhere  Allergens bind to the IgE, which is attached to the mast cell, which causes the mast cell to release a variety of chemicals into the blood such as histamine.
TYPES OF ALLERGY A. Humoral :- 1) Type 1 (Anaphylactic reaction) 2) Type 2 (Antibody dependent ,cytolytic reaction) 3) Type 3 (Immune complex, Arthus reactions) B. Cell mediated :- Type 4 (Delayed hypersentivity)
TYPE 1 REACTION  Also known as immediate and anaphylactic re action. M.O.A :- Antibodies (IgE) are produced which get fixed to the mast cells and basophils. On exposure to the drug , AG:AB reaction takes place on the mast cell surface .  Releasing mediators like histamin,cytokines,enzyes ,leukotrienes, prostaglandins etc .  TREATMENT :- NSAID, ANTIHISTAMINE,STEROIDS, ETC
TYPE 2 REACTION  Also known as Antibody dependent ,cytolytic reaction  M.O.A :- Drug + component of a specific tissue cell act as AG. The resulting antibodies (IgE, IgM) bind to the target cell; on re exposure AG:AB reaction takes place on the surface of the cell.  Activated thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, haemolysis, organ damage (liver, kidney, muscle)
TYPE 3 REACTION  Also known as Immune complex, Arthus reactions .  M.O.A:- In this antigen and antibodies make complex bind & make ppt on vascular system . They cause show inflammatory response.  The reaction develops in 3-4 days after exposure and usually subsides in 1-2 weeks.  ex:- fever, arthralgia .
TYPE 4 REACTION  Also knows as Delayed hypersentivity .  M.O.A :- T – Lymphocytes carrying receptor for the antigens . When antigen contact to T cell produce lymphokines which attract granulocytes and generate an inflammatory response.  The reaction generally takes 2-3 days to develop.  Ex :- fever, certain types of rashes,
PHARMACOTHEAPY OF ASTHMA AND COPD  A condition in which a person’s airways become , which makes it difficult to breathe .  Asthma can be minor or it can interfere with daily activities. In some cases, it may lead to a life-threatening attack.  breathlessness Cough Wheezing Chest tightness Sibilant rales more expressed on breathing-out
DRUG THERAPY •RELIEVERS . Beta 2 agonists . Anticholinergics . Methylxanthines •CONTROLLERS . Corticosteroids . Mast cell stabilizers . Anti leukotrienes . Biological agents
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)  Is a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.  Chronic bronchitis :- is a chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract characterized by excessive mucose sercetion, cough, and dyspnea associated with recurrent infections of the lower respiratory tract.
RISK FACTORS FOR COPD  Exposure to tobacco smoke accounts for an estimated 80% to 90% of COPD cases.  Passive smoking  Occupational exposure  Ambient air pollution  Genetic abnormalities, including a deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin enzyme .
 Beta 2 sympathomimetics :- salbutamol, terbutaline, salmeterol, formoterol .  Methylxanthines :- theophylline, aminophylline, choline ,doxophylline .  Anticholinergics :- ipratropium, tiotropium  Corticosteroids :- hydrocortisone, prednisolone beclomethasone .  Anti – IgE antibody :- omalizumab .  Leukotriene antagonists :- montelukast , zafirlukast .  Mast cell stabilizers :- ketotifen, sod. Cromoglycate .
IMMUNOMODULATER S  Immunomodulator are drug that either suppress or stimulate the immune system.  Immunostimulants :- that stimulates the immune system.  Immunosuppressants :- that suppress the immune system.  They should not be toxic, antigenic, pyrogenic, long side effects in the body .
Characteristics of an ideal immunomodulator  Should be  Stimulate both specific and non specific immune response .  Act as an adjuvant along with vaccine.  Active through oral drugs .  Compatible with other drugs .  Short withdrawal period with low tissue residues .  Defined chemical composition and biological activity .  Inexpensive .
IMMUNOSTIMULANTS Immunostimulants are substances that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation and increasing activity of any of its components. They are used in disorders includes immunodeficiency diseases, cancer, viral, fungal and certain autoimmune disorders .  Uses :- immnodeficiency disorders, chronic infections, cancer, autoimmunity, dietry supplement of larval fish etc .
CLASSIFICATION  Vaccines (specific) :- poliomyelitis Vaccine, Rota virus Vaccine .  Immunoglobulins (non specific)  Miscellaneous agents use as stimulants  Levamisole  Thalidomide  Isoprinosine  immunocynin
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS  Immunosuppressant involves an acts that reduce the activation or efficacy of the immune system.  One of the primary uses of immunosuppressant drugs is to lower the body’s ability to reject a transplanted organ, such as a liver, heart or kidney.  The goal is to adjust these drugs to prevent rejection and to minimize any side effects of the drugs.
CLASSIFICATION  Classified into 4 categories. 1. Selective inhibitors of cytokine production and function . 2. Immunosuppressive antimetabolites. 3. Antibodies 4. Adrenocorticoids
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