Introduction
• Hyperthyroidism isa condition where the
thyroid gland produces excess thyroid
hormones (T3 and T4), leading to an
overactive metabolism.
3.
Anatomy of theThyroid Gland
• The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located
in the neck that plays a key role in regulating
metabolism, heart rate, and body
temperature.
4.
Hormones Involved
• Thethyroid mainly secretes thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3), which affect nearly
every tissue in the body.
5.
Graves’ Disease Overview
•Graves’ disease is the most common cause of
hyperthyroidism and is an autoimmune
disorder where antibodies stimulate the
thyroid to produce excess hormones.
6.
Pathophysiology of Graves'Disease
• Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs)
mimic TSH and bind to the TSH receptor,
leading to uncontrolled thyroid hormone
production.
7.
Other Causes ofHyperthyroidism
• Besides Graves’ disease, causes include toxic
multinodular goiter, thyroiditis, and excessive
iodine intake.
8.
Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
•Common symptoms include weight loss, heat
intolerance, anxiety, tremors, palpitations,
insomnia, and menstrual irregularities.
9.
Ophthalmopathy in Graves’
Disease
•About 30% of Graves' patients develop eye
problems like bulging eyes (exophthalmos),
dryness, and vision changes.
10.
Diagnostic Tests
• Diagnosisinvolves blood tests (TSH, T3, T4),
radioactive iodine uptake test, and thyroid
scan to evaluate hormone levels and thyroid
activity.
Beta-blockers for SymptomControl
• Drugs like propranolol are used to relieve
symptoms such as rapid heart rate and
tremors but do not affect hormone levels.
15.
Prognosis and Management
•With proper treatment, most patients can
control symptoms and lead normal lives;
lifelong monitoring may be necessary.
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