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Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is caused by hypersecretion of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which increases the basal metabolic rate. Common causes include Graves' disease, thyroid tumors, and toxic multinodular goiter. Symptoms include nervousness, sweating, tremors, increased heart rate, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves testing thyroid hormone levels in blood and ultrasound or scan of the thyroid gland. Treatment options include anti-thyroid medications, surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland, and maintaining a high calorie diet.

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Hyperthyroidism By Mr ASHOK DHAKA BISHNOI Director, JINC
Thyroid Gland (2) Endocrine-Glands.ppt 2
 Position:- Situated in the neck in front of the larynx & trachea at the level of 5th ,6th & 7th cervical & 1st thoracic vertebrae.  Weight it is about:- 25 gm  Shape:- Butterfly in shape Introduction:- 3
 It consisting of two lobes one on either side of thyroid cartilage  The lobe are cone shaped  About 5cm long  3 cm wide 4
Secretion of hormone:- 1. T3 (Tri-iodothyronine)--- thyrotoxicosis 2. T4 (Thyroid) Function:- ◦ Increases BMR & produce energy ◦ It help in metabolism of protein ,fat & CHO 3. Calcitonin Function:- ◦ Reduce blood calcium level ◦ It reduce reabsorbtion of calcium level from bone 5
“”It is due to hyper secretion of T3 & T4 hormone characterized by increase BMR”” Hyperthyroidism/overactive thyroid:-
 Graves' disease. is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an immune system disorder. The body produces antibodies that cause the thyroid to make and release too much thyroid hormone.  Thyroid tumor. A noncancerous thyroid tumor may make and secrete increased amounts of thyroid hormones.  Toxic multinodular goiter. The thyroid gland is enlarged with many noncancerous thyroid tumors. They secrete increased amounts of thyroid hormone.  Note:- very rare situations, excess thyroid hormone can come from a source outside the thyroid. For example, abnormal tissue growth in the ovary can secrete thyroid hormone Etiology:-
 Nervousness  Insomnia  Dramatic emotional swings  Sweating  Tremors  Increased heart rate  Frequent bowel movements  Unexplained weight loss, often despite an increased appetite  Feeling warm or hot all the time  Muscle weakness  Shortness of breath and heart palpitations  Hair loss  Heat intolerance  Reduction in menstrual flow  Exophthalmos C/F:-
 History, PE  T3 & T4 Level  Blood tests to check levels of certain antibodies  An ultrasound of the thyroid  A thyroid scan D/E:-
 Have patient seated on a stool / chair  Inspect neck before & after swallowing  Examine with neck in relaxed position  Palpate from behind the patient  Remember the rule of finger tips  Use the tips of fingers for palpation  Palpate firmly down to trachea
M/M:- Anti Thyroid Drugs Eg.Methimazole, Carbimazole S/M:  Thyroidectomy – Subtotal or Total Diet:-High calories diet Management:-