Historical Perspective: Photography

Editor's Notes

• #4 Travel- exploration
• #5 To improve the lithographic process Niepce combined the camera obscura with photosensitive paper and named the process Heliography Public learned about it after his death Process was not practical
• #6 Daguerre built on Niepce work The inventor, Louis Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, had formed a business partnership with Nicéphore Niépce who died of a stroke (apoplexy of the brain), after which his son took his father's place in the partnership. Awarded state pension by French government for publication of methods and the rights by other French citizens to use the Daguerreotype process
• #7 , daguerreotyping a brightly sunlit subject typically required about ten minutes of exposure in the camera, so the earliest daguerreotypes were of still lifes and landscapes. The oldest well-documented daguerreotype featuring human subjects is Daguerre's own 1838 view of the Boulevard du Temple, a busy street in Paris.
• #8 , daguerreotyping a brightly sunlit subject typically required about ten minutes of exposure in the camera, so the earliest daguerreotypes were of still lifes and landscapes. The oldest well-documented daguerreotype featuring human subjects is Daguerre's own 1838 view of the Boulevard du Temple, a busy street in Paris.
• #9 , Henry Fox Talbot created permanent (negative) images using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with a salt solution. Positive images by contact printing onto another sheet of paper - patented the process in 1841 under the name Calotype. Not as clear as Daguerreotypes but was first time "positive" and "negative" were used.
• #13 Autochrome is an additive color[3] "mosaic screen plate" process. The medium consists of a glass plate coated on one side with a random mosaic of microscopic grains of potato starch[4] dyed red-orange, green, and blue-violet (an unusual but functional variant of the standard red, green, and blue additive colors) which act as color filters. Lampblack fills the spaces between grains, and a black-and-white panchromatic silver halide emulsion is coated on top of the filter layer. Unlike ordinary black-and-white plates, the Autochrome was loaded into the camera with the bare glass side facing the lens, so that the light passed through the mosaic filter layer before reaching the emulsion. The use of an additional special orange-yellow filter in the camera was required, to block ultraviolet light and restrain the effects of violet and blue light, parts of the spectrum to which the emulsion was overly sensitive. Because of the light loss due to all the filtering, Autochrome plates required much longer exposures than black-and-white plates and films, which meant that a tripod or other stand had to be used and that it was not practical to photograph moving subjects.[5] The plate was reversal-processed into a positive transparency — that is, the plate was first developed into a negative image but not "fixed", then the silver forming the negative image was chemically removed, then the remaining silver halide was exposed to light and developed, producing a positive image. Each starch grain remained in alignment with the corresponding microscopic area of emulsion coated over it. When the finished image was viewed by transmitted light, each bit of the silver image acted as a valve, allowing more or less light to pass through the corresponding colored starch grain, recreating the original proportions of the three colors. At normal viewing distances, the light coming through the individual grains blended together in the eye, reconstructing the color of the light photographed through the filter grains.
• #14 Collodion process invented in 1851 by Frederick Scott Archer required only two to three seconds of light exposure to produce an image, but plates had to be sensitized at the time of exposure, exposed while the emulsion was still wet, and processed immediately after exposure in the camera. When he noticed that his health was being affected by the 'wet' collodion's ether vapor, Maddox began looking for a substitute. He suggested in the 8 September 1871 British Journal of Photography article An Experiment with Gelatino-Bromide that sensitizing chemicals cadmium bromide and silver nitrate should be coated on a glass plate in gelatin, a transparent substance used for making candies. Eventually Charles Bennett made the first gelatin dry plates for sale; before long the emulsion could be coated on celluloid roll film.
• #15 Born in England In early years Muybridge was a landscape photographer in the US- became known for his motion study photgraphs
• #18 Received Nobel Prize for invention of Holography He experimented with a heavily filtered mercury arc light source.However, the earliest hologram was only realised in 1964 following the 1960 invention of the laser, the first coherent light source. After this, holography became commercially available.
• #19 Later instant Sony Electronic still video camera- Mavica-and digital photography -25 colour images recorded on a disc and played back on computer Photographers sometimes used instant camera before real photo. Ansel Adams Polaroid Artistic versions of polaroid