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Hindu and islamic arts

The document discusses Hindu cosmology, iconography, and key terms related to Hindu art and religion. It provides details on the Hindu pantheon including the three main godheads - Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. It describes their attributes, vehicles, and qualities. Additionally, it discusses important Hindu goddesses and their consorts as well as demons. The document also summarizes important temples and artworks including the Kailasa Temple at Ellora and Shiva as Nataraja. Key terms related to Hindu religious concepts, deities, and artistic traditions are also defined.

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Hinduism and Hindu Art Hindu cosmology Hindu pantheon Hindu iconography Deva and Devi (gods and goddesses) Ashura (demons/anti gods) Brahman Three godheads:  1. Brahma, 2. Vshnu, 3. Shiva  Their vahanas (mounts/vehicles) Their attributes Their gunas (qualities)  
Brahman Unmanifest Brahma Vishnu Narayana Shiva Rudra Indra (king of gods, there will be new Indra at every eon) 330 million gods—agni, varun, vahyu, etc….. Guided by Brihaspati (spiritual counselor) Demonic realm populated by demons (anti gods) King of demons (Bali, it changes according to time) Guided by Sukracharya (spiritual conselor)
Terms to remember Brahma Vishnu Shiva Vedas Deva/Devi Saraswati, Lakshmi, Parvati Shakti (goddess)-Durga, Kali River goddesses: Ganga (River Ganges) Yamuna (River Yamuna/Jamna) Makara (crocodile) Kurma (tortoise)
Terms to remember Bhakti Lingam Sattvic, ragasic, tamasic Shiva as Nataraja Durga killing the buffalo demon Mahisha (not bull as mentioned by Sherman Lee) Mahishamardini Kartikkeya (god of war) Varaha avatar Ardhanariswara Ravana
Terms to remember Mahamallapuram/Mahabalipuram Rath (Ratha) Narrative Naturalism Prana Naga Shiva as Mahesvara (errousniously called tri-murti) Mandala South Indian temple architecture combines   Vestigial model shrine and shikhara Mandapa (large hall)
More terms Rajput Mughal Elephanta Portuguese occupation of the island Target practice Shiva as Mahesha (Great God)—3 aspects    Aghora (left)—wrathful Tatpurusha (center)—calm, beneficent Uma Devi (right)—blissful
Brahma the creator Past Vishnu The maintainer, reserver, sustainer Present Shiva The destroyer Future
Parvati Saraswati Brahma Lakshmi Vishnu Shiva
Hindu pantheon 1000 names of gods and goddesses Deva (male) Devi (female seen in the form of Shakti=energy, the driving power/force behind a god as in electric energy behind an engine. Devi is god’s Shakti (energy, power) w/o which a god has no vitality, innate nature/quality to act as god. Shakti is what gives a god power to act. Goddess (Devi) seen in the form of Shakti (energy) also is creativity behind a poet, a writer, an artist, etc. Shiva w/o his shakti is like Shava (corpse).
Udayagiri/Udaigiri caves in Central India commissioned by the Gupta kings between the 4 th and 5th centuries
•Udayagiri caves near Vidisha were carved when the city was a provincial capital of the Gupta Empire (4th- 6th century CE). •The site consists of a U-shaped plateau immediately next to the River Bes. •It is best known for a series of rock-cut sanctuaries and images excavated into hillside in the early years of the fifth century CE. •The most famous sculpture is the monumental figure of Viṣṇu in his incarnation as the boar-headed Varaha. •The site has important inscriptions of the Gupta dynasty belonging to the reigns of Chandragupta I (c. 375-415) and Kumaragupta I (c. 415-55).
Varaha rescuing Mother Earth, Udaigiri cave, 5th century
Varaha Avatara of Vishnu in Udaigiri cave, Vidisa, Madhya Pradesh (central India)
Varaha Avatar Varaha
Chandragupta I
Sheshashayi Vishnu reclining on the serpent-bed of Shesha from Vishnu temple in Deogarh ca. 6th century CE
Carved Panel relief on the doorway of Dashavata Temple depicting Lakshmi flanked by Gada and Chakra ayudhapurushas (personified Vishnu's weapons) tending to Vishnu's feet. Vishnu as Narayana, sleeping On the coils of Anata Naga, Relief, red sandstone, 10th century
Sleeping Vishnu from Vishnu temple in Deogarh
Krishna killing a demon
Goddess Ambika Shahabad District, Bihar, India 6th-7th century
Hindu Temple Sanctum of a temple Garbha griha (womb chamber)    Dark and small No windows Having only one opening like the womb of a woman Pradkshina (circumambulation)    Clockwise Eastern orientation Why?
Plan of a Hindu temple architecture Designed after the shape of a tall mountain so that it can be seen from far away A temple is an abode of god(s) Stands on a sacred ground Must have presence of water Why? A temple is built on the bank of a river, a sea, an ocean, or a lake. If there is no source of water, water is brought to the temple precinct.
Temple It may be dedicated to one god, but a devotee would find other gods as well since many Hindu gods are the manifestation of one God, i.e. Brahman. A devotee announces his arrival by ringing the bell hung in front of the temple door. Why ring a bell?
Elevation of the Khandesvara temple in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, Central India
Kailashnath, a famous temple on the west coast of India, is one of the 34 monasteries and temples, known collectively as the Ellora Caves. The Kailasa (cave 16) is a remarkable example of Dravidian architecture on account of its striking proportion; elaborate workmanship architectural content and sculptural ornamentation of rock-cut architecture. It is designed to recall Mount Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva.
It is a megalith carved out of one single rock. It was built in the 8th century by the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I. The Kailash Temple is notable for its vertical excavation—carvers started at the top of the original rock, and excavated downward. The traditional methods were rigidly followed by the master architect which could not have been achieved by excavating from the front.
It is estimated that about 400,000 tons of rocks was scooped out over hundreds of years to carve this monolithic structure. From the chisel marks on walls of this temple, archeologists have concluded that three types of chisels were used to carve the temple.
Within the courtyard are two structures. As is traditional in Shiva temples, an image of the sacred bull Nandi fronts the central temple housing the lingam.
In Cave 16, the Nandi Mandap and main Shiva temple are each 23 feet high, and built on two storeys. The lower stories of the Nandi Mandap are both solid structures, decorated with elaborate illustrative carvings. The base of the temple has been carved to suggest that elephants are holding the structure aloft.
A cat-walk (bridge) connects the Nandi Mandap to the porch of the temple. The temple itself is tall. The pyramidic structure is reminiscent of a South Indian temple.
The shrine – complete with pillars, windows, inner and outer rooms, gathering halls, and an enormous lingam at its heart – carved from stone, is carved with niches, pilasters, windows as well as images of deities, mithunas and other figures. Most of the deities at the left of the entrance are Shaivaite (followers of Shiva) while on the right hand side the deities are Vaishnavaites (followers of Vishnu).
Kailasha (rock cut) temple in Ellora, Maharastra—8th century
Kailasha (rock cut) temple in Ellora, Maharastra—8th century
The view of the Kailash Temple from the top. The photo is taken at the cave temples clusters of Ellora, Maharastra
God Shiva with Parvatii attended by his bodyguards (retinue) in Kailash temple, ca. 8 th century
Shiva and Parvati seated on Mt. Kailasha with their attendants, Ellora Ravana below doing a penance to Shiva. He is a devotee of Shiva.
Nataraja Ravana
Goddess Durga in Lalitasasa (the posture of ease) Kailash temple, ca. 8th century CE
Shiva Linga
The shrine has        Pillars Windows Inner and outer rooms Gathering halls An enormous lingam at its heart Has niches, windows as well as images of deities, mithunas and other figures. Most of the deities at the left of the entrance are Shaivaite while on the right hand side the deities are Vaishnavaites.
There are two Dhwajasthambha (pillars with the flagstaff) in the courtyard. The grand sculpture of Ravana attempting to lift Mount Kailasa, the abode of Lord Shiva, with his full might is a landmark in Indian art.
6 miles from the Gateway of India, Mainland Bombay (Mumbai)
Gateway of India was built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to India in 1911.
Arabian Sea
Elephanta caves
3 mental/emotional states 1. Karuna 2. Shanta 3. Aghora Elephanta consists of two groups of caves—the first is a large group of five Hindu caves, the second, a smaller group of two Buddhist caves. The Hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures, representing the Shaiva Hindu sect, dedicated to the god Shiva.
Ardhanarisvara
Dancing Shiva Ardhanarisvara, androgynous form of Shiva
Marriage of Shiva and Parvati
Sun temple at Konarak Orissa, 13th century
Bhutanatha temple complex at Badami, 7th century, with the open hall (11th century) extending to the lake
Jagmohan temple at Konarak Sun Temple (Pidha Deula)
Seen as a chariot Sun temple, 13th century
It was constructed from oxidized and weathered sandstone by King Narasimhadeva I (1238-1250 CE) of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Legend has it that the temple was constructed by Samba, the son of Lord Krishna.
It is said that Samba was afflicted by leprosy, brought about by his father’s curse on him. After 12 years of penance, he was cured by Surya, the Sun God, in whose honor he built the magnificent Konark Sun temple.