Grade 12 Lesson 1 (WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY).pptx

Introduction to
the Philosophy
of the Human
Person

Objectives
1. Recognize human activities that emanated from deliberate
reflection
2. Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad
perspective in life
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
3. Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a
holistic perspective

RED means STOP:
If learning this subject stresses you, you can
always stop- BUT NEVER QUIT! To stop is to give
time to yourself. To stop is to free your mind from
pre-occupied thoughts, so new ideas shall come
in.
YELLOW means CAUTION:
Be cautious of you life. Be aware of yourself-on
how to deal with things and with people around
you. Being cautious means being well-prepared
towards your life-long journey. Cautious decision-
making is the key!
GREEN means GO:
Go and learn new things! This module is about
YOU. Always relate the topic to yourself, because
we do not study for grades- we study for life! GO
for LIFE! Live to the fullest!

Philosophy
Philos means Love Sophia means Wisdom
Love of Wisdom
Applied to a science or discipline that uses human reason to
investigate the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles that govern
all things.

PYTHAGORAS
 “Philosopho”
which means
“a lover of
wisdom”

What developments led to the emergence of Western Philosophy?
Western Philosophy is primarily concerned with uncovering
the truth through systematic argumentation and theory.
There is a greater emphasis on the use of reason rather than
faith, and an increased focus on man as an individual.
Greece was home to one of the great civilizations during the
ancient period. The most notable characteristics of Ancient
Greek civilization was their love of learning. For a Greek to
claim himself a wise and learned person, he must know a lot
of things from various disciplines.

What is permanent in
existence?
What is the universe
made up of?

The first Philosophers are called the “Pre-Socratics” .
Thales
 earliest philosopher to inquire about
the world
 explain the composition of things and
the changes in physical reality.
 Father of Western Philosophy

After the Pre-Socratics;
Sophists
 Influenced learning in ancient Greece
Taught a style of argumentation called
eristic, which aimed to win arguments
rather than arrive at the truth.
Excellent public speakers and they
travelled throughout Greece and taught
young people a wide array of subjects such
as grammar, mythology, political virtue, and
rhetoric.

Teaching and learning should be an opportunity to learn
the truth of all things in this world, and all real wisdom
should strive to achieve the truth apart from knowledge.
Their central belief was that man need not know all
things in the world, but one must continue to inquire and
seek to understand and learn about the human
condition.

• How are the Pre-Socratics different from
the Sophists?
• What did it mean to be a "lover of
wisdom"? What characteristics or traits
defined a philosopher?

Most Notable Ancient
Greek Philosophers

Thales
He believed that the ultimate
composition of all things is
water.
Thales believed that all things
take nourishment from water
and he considered heat as being
generated and maintained by
the amount of moisture in an
object.
(624 BCE to 546 BCE)

Anaximander (610 BCE to 546 BCE)
Anaximander agreed with his
teacher that everything comes
from a single, basic material.
He argued that matter is not
composed of water or any other
element. It is his view that all
things are created and emerged
from an indefinite and boundless
realm called apeiron.

Anaximenes
 He was a young associate of
Anaximander who followed Thale's
view of matter being created from a
single element.
 He believed that it is air that makes
up all things and that different
elements and substances are merely
different phases of air
 He also considered air as the source
of all life.
(1586 BCE to 528 BCE)

Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE)
A mathematician and scientist, he
was credited with the formulation
of the Pythagorean theorem. His
work earned him many followers,
and he established a community of
learners who were devoted to the
study of religion and philosophy.

Heraclitus (535 BCE to 475 BCE)
 He proposed that everything
that exists is based on a higher
order or plan which he called
logos.
 Change is a permanent aspect
of the human condition.
 "You cannot step twice into
the same river, for fresh
waters are ever flowing upon
you."

Democritus (46) BCE to 370 BCE)
He devoted himself to
studying the causes of
natural phenomena.
He was among the first to
propose that matter is
composed of tiny particles
called atoms.

Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE)
 He was a known advocate of a simple
and virtuous life.
One should not only talk of virtue but
should show it in words and actions.
His emphasis on austerity and
simplicity often went to the extreme.
He was also known to be a vocal critic
of well-known philosophers such as
Plato and Aristotle. His teachings and
views were later developed by his
followers and influenced the
development of Cynicism.

Epicurus (341 BCE to 270 BCE)
He believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness.
He denounced certain pleasures of the body that were unnatural and
stated that continuous indulgence in bodily pleasure often leads to
dissatisfaction.
His views gave rise to Epicureanism - a school of philosophy which believes
that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free from fear and pain.

Socrates (470-399 BCE)
 He was considered the foremost
philosopher of ancient times and made
great contributions to the field of ethics.
 Critic of intellectuals during his time, but
he himself did not claim to be "wise" and
merely considered himself a "midwife"
who helped inquiring minds achieve
wisdom.
 believed that philosophy could enable a
man to live a life of virtue. He was
credited with formulating the Socratic
method.

Plato (427-347 BCE)
 His teachings and writings are considered the
foundation of Western philosophy.
 He proposes that everything that exists is
based on an idea or template that can only be
perceived in the mind.
 He also focused on political theory and wrote
The Republic
 Plato is also known for his dialectic-a method
of inquiry where two opposing ideas are
discussed in an attempt to arrive at new
knowledge.
 Plato's lasting contribution to learning was his
founding of the Academy.

Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
 Aristotle, however, disagreed with Plato's theory of
forms and took a different view in interpreting
reality.
 all ideas and views are based on perception, and
our reality is based on what we can sense and
perceive.
 Aristotle was involved in a great variety of
disciplines, such as zoology, psychology, ethics, and
politics.
 He also proposed a system for the classification of
plants and animals.
 His studies in logic led to the formulation of a
formal process of analyzing reasoning, which gave
rise to deductive reasoning.

 Aristotle founded his own school called the Lyceum.

Archimedes (287-212 BCE)
A mathematician, physicist, engineer,
inventor, and astronomer,
Archimedes' inquiries into
mathematics led to earlier
developments that gave rise to
modern calculus.
He pioneered the use of mathematics
to analyze natural phenomena.
 was credited with several inventions,
such as the Archimedes screw, a
device for raising water, and a method
for determining volume using
displacement.

These and other ancient philosophers
contributed greatly to the development and
spread of philosophy in Greece and throughout
Europe. Many of their ideas survived through
the centuries, and these formed the basis for
the development of modern and contemporary
Western philosophy.

1. Which ancient philosopher, in your
opinion, made the greatest contribution
to the development of philosophy?
Explain your answer.
2. Which ideas of ancient philosophers do
you find most interesting? Explain your
answer.

Ancient Philosophers Significant Ideas/Contributions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Choose five (5) ancient philosophers who interest you the most and
describe their significant ideas and contributions. Write your answer in
the table below.

How did Western philosophy develop into a
modern science?
St. Thomas Aquinas
Petrarch Rene Descartes

How did Western philosophy develop into a modern science?
Soren Kierkegaard Edmund Husserl Michel Foucault

The development of Western philosophy is defined by the
emergence of various schools of thought in various periods of
history.
Western Philosophy

What developments and characteristics define Eastern
philosophy?
Eastern philosophy consists of schools of thought
that are often closely tied to religious beliefs. Eastern
philosophies are often described as "wisdom"
literature, where stories, sayings, and texts encourage
people to adopt an ethical and harmonious way of life.
There is great emphasis on social relations, and the
family and community are considered central aspects
of life.

Eastern philosophies are classified according to
theistic and non theistic philosophies. There
are also a variety of indigenous philosophies or
belief systems among small indigenous
communities throughout Asia.

The written Torah is an important text for Judaism
and world history, which by definition, means the
''law'' or ''teachings'' of Judaism. It contains the
books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and
Deuteronomy. The written Torah is the first part of
the Tanakh, the Jewish Hebrew Bible or Christian
Old Testament.

Brahman- the Creator
Shiva- the Destroyer
Vishnu- the Preserver

Shintoism- the oldest Japanese religion, centers
around nature, worshiping ancestors, and kami —
sacred powers in the cosmos that are worshiped in
shrines. This animistic and polytheistic faith
believes in the sanctity of all living beings, from
humans and animals to trees and oceans.

Jainism teaches that the
path to enlightenment is
through nonviolence and
reducing harm to living
things (including plants
and animals) as much as
possible.
Mahavira

The Four Noble Truths
1.the truth of suffering
2.the truth of the cause of
suffering
3.the truth of the end of
suffering
4. the truth of the path that
leads to the end of
suffering.
Siddhartha Gautama

Yin represents feminine forces,
such as the moon, water,
darkness, passivity, intuition,
softness, contraction, and
yielding in the universe.
Yang represents masculine forces,
such as the sun, fire, light,
activity, rational thought,
hardness, expansion, and
assertiveness.

Shia, a term that stems from shi'atu Ali, Arabic for
“partisans of Ali,” believe that Ali and his descendants
are part of a divine order.
Sunni, meaning followers of the sunna, or “way” in
Arabic, of Mohammed, are opposed to political
succession based on Mohammed's bloodline.

Western Eastern
Instructions: Compare and contrast aspects of Western and
Eastern philosophy using the Venn Diagram. Discuss your work in
class.

One way of looking at philosophy is to consider it a way of
analyzing frameworks- a way of thinking about the world
and is composed of the views and beliefs of a person.
Questions dealing with our own correctness and values are
considered internal questions that can be addressed using
our own reasoning from our personal frameworks.
There are external questions that seek to question the very
frameworks upon which people base their own beliefs and
views.
How do we characterize the study of philosophy?

Philosophy is often divided into several branches that
deal with a particular area. There is a philosophy of the
human person, which looks into the nature of man.
Aesthetics- The philosophy that deals with beauty and
what makes things "beautiful".
Logic is the branch of philosophy that deals with correct
reasoning.
Epistemology discusses the nature of knowledge and
knowing.

Ethics is the branch that deals with moral
questions, dilemmas, and standards for human
behavior.
Political philosophy studies governments and
deals with questions of justice, power, the rights
and obligations of citizens, and right governance.
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that deals
with question regarding the nature of reality and
existence.

However complex and varied the
perceptions are, they suggest two important
facts about philosophizing: philosophy is a
reflective and meditative activity, and
that it is a way of exercising critical
thinking on any type of experience.

Why is there a need for man to philosophize?
Philosophers have often wondered and argued about
the role of philosophy in a man's life. One view is that
each one of us is a philosopher, whether or not we
have studied philosophy as a science.

Plato traced man's need to philosophize to his sense of
wonder.
1. Where did we come from?
2. Why do we exist?
3. For what purpose were we created?
Consider a small child's curiosity about all the things around
him, since many of the things he or she sees he or she
encounters for the first time. This perspective drives the need
for a philosopher to question, examine, and learn more.

Rene Descartes, traced the need to philosophize to doubt.
Descartes was famous for rejecting or questioning traditional
or dogmatic ideas, and he even went as far as doubting his
own ideas. His method of examining ideas and perspectives
became the basis of critical thinking and analysis in the
sciences. In the sciences, there is a need to verify information
or an explanation before it is accepted as truth.

Karl Jaspers saw the need to philosophize because of
experience. Jaspers believed that man is often
confronted by experiences that challenge his ideas and
frameworks. Jaspers called these experiences "limit
situations," and these are often accompanied by feelings
of helplessness, anxiety, or dread.

Socrates- "I only know that I know nothing," and it is
in accepting this state of ignorance that one can begin
to learn and understand. Socrates is also recognized
for his motto: "The unexamined life is not worth
living." And nowhere is it more appropriate to embark
on philosophy than in an examination of our own
lives.

Discuss:
1. What are the reasons that compel a
person to engage in philosophical
thinking?
2. How can philosophizing benefit you
as a person?

Plato
"Know thyself; to be
enlightened is
freedom."

Grade 12 Lesson 1 (WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY).pptx

Grade 12 Lesson 1 (WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY).pptx

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