Fluid metabolism

Fluid metabolism

• 2.
  FLUID BALANCE MAINLY DEALSWITH METABOLISMS:- 1.Sodium 2.Pottassium 3.Chlorine 4.Water
• 3.
   ECF- extracellular fluid it is present outside the cell >> comprises about 50% of body weight >>main cation of ECF – Na >> Cl exists with Na as ECF  ICF – Intra cellular fluid is present inside the cell . >> comprises about 20% of body weight including : * Plasma * Interstitial fluid >> main cation of ICF is - K ECF & ICF
• 4.
  Sodium is theprimary cation of ECF. Most of the body’s sodium is located in blood and in the fluid arround the cells Body obtains Na through food and drink and looses it primarily in sweat and urine . Healthy kidneys maintains constiency in excretion of urine SODIUM :
• 5.
  It helps thebody to keep fluids in a normal balance It plays a key role in normal nerve and muscle function Helps in osmo-regulation Helps in preservation of permeability of cell  helps to maintain normal blood pressure. FUNCTIONS:-
• 6.
  It is presentmainly in blood serum Normal serum conc. Of Na–320mg /100ml Na is also seen in erythrocytes , but very less in conc. Distribution:
• 7.
   When theconc. Of sodium in blood is too low – HYPO NATREMIA  When the conc. Of Sodium in blood is too high – HYPER NATREMIA Imbalance of Sodium Ions Causes:
• 8.
   Hyponatremia –trueloss of sodium  Poor renal reabsorption  Indicated by excessive vomiting,weight loss  Renal diseases with acidosis  Hyponatremia -due to overhydration  Accumulation of fluid due to odema  Occurs more in cirrhosis of liver  heart failure
• 9.
  • In caseof HYPONATREMIA - decrease in its concentration, there is more release of water to store more sodium which the body needs clearly. • A low sodium level has many causes, including consumption of too many fluids, kidney failure, heart failure, cirrhosis, and use of diuretics. • At first, people become sluggish and confused, and if hyponatremia worsens, they may have muscle twitches and seizures and become progressively unresponsive.
• 10.
   Increased sodiumlevel in serum May occur due to ;-  Hyper activity of adrenal cortex Cushing’s Syndrome.  Prolonged administration of cortisone ,ACTH etc. Hypernatremia:
• 11.
  Cushing’s syndrome
• 12.
  Sources Mono sodiun glutamate (msg) Olives Sources
• 13.
  RDA of sodium– 3,000mg/day It is to be noted about the difference between Sodium and Salt…. Na – mineral Table salt contains only 40% of Na…. Increase of intake of salt on other hand causes HYPERTENTION
• 14.
  Most of thepotassium is located inside the cells (inter cellular ion). It is an essential macro nutrient K+ is one of the most permeable ion across cell membranes and exits the cells mostly via K channels (and in some cells via K-H exchange or via K- Cl co - transport) Potassium:
• 15.
  Lesser amount ofK is present in serum Normal serum conc. Of K is – 19mg/100ml In erythrocytes is – 440mg/100ml Distribution:
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  It is necessaryfor normal functioning of cells and muscles conduction Maintains membrane potential Maintains Fluid balance Helps in Neuro transmission Acid – base regulation Its deficiency conditions are:- Functions:
• 17.
   A lowpotassium level(3.5 mmol/L) has many causes but usually results from vomiting, prolonged diarrhea, adrenal gland disorders(Cushing’s syndrome).  ”FAMILIAL PERIODIC PARALYSIS”  A low potassium level can make muscles feel weak, cramp, twitch, or even become paralyzed, and abnormal heart rhythms may develop. Hypokalemia;
• 18.
   It occursdue to mutation of membranes of electrolyte channels  Symptoms : >loss of muscle movement due to weakness > occurs in hips , shoulders ‘’FAMILIAL PERIODIC PARALYSIS”
• 20.
  A high potassiumlevel has many causes, including kidney disorders, drugs that affect kidney function, and consumption of too much supplemental potassium. Usually, hyperkalemia must be severe before it causes symptoms, mainly abnormal heart rhythms. Treatment includes reducing consumption of potassium, stopping drugs that may cause hyperkalemia, and using drugs to increase potassium excretion. Hyperkalemia:
• 21.
  Infants – 0-6months – 400 mg/day  - 1-3 yrs -- 3000 mg/day  -- 9-13 yrs -- 4500 mg / day Children older than 13 yrs and adults – 4700mg/day Lactating women – 5100 mg /day RDA
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  Sources Spinach Apricot
• 23.
  Avacadoes Broccoli
• 24.
  Chief ECF anion Presentin plasma and expressed as NaCl Normal plasma conc. 500-550mg/100ml. Cl conc. Is more in CSF than in plasma Chlorine:
• 25.
  It is presentin plasma - 500- 550mg/100ml But Cl conc. is more in CSF – 600- 620mg/100ml Distribution:
• 26.
  Acid – basebalance Chloride shift Helps in formation of HCl in gastric juice Salivary amylase is activated by chlorine Are its Functions
• 27.
  NaCl- 5-10gms Dietary req.
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  Sources
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  Hypochloremia- a reductionin the serum Chlorine level Which will occur due to Vomiting Diarrhea respiratory alkalosis Addison’s disease and excessive sweating Disease State:
• 30.
   Disorder inwhich the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones Addison's disease
• 31.
  An increase inserum chloride level conc. Which may lead to  Dehydration respiratory acidosis Cushing’s syndrome Hyperchloremia:
• 32.
  Water forms 60-70%of the body weight distributed throughout the body It is closely associated with electrolyte distribution in body Intercellular compartment ,comprises fluid present inside the cells Extracellular compartment ,comprises the fluid present outside the cells. Water:
• 33.
   Solvent forelectrolytes  Regulator of body temperature  Carrier of nutrients  Regulates electrolyte balance Are its Functions…
• 34.
  Water intake (in gm/day) Water output (in gm / day) Water intake daily = 1100 Water excreated in urine = 1000 Water intake in diet = 900 Water excreted in stools = 200 Water produced during metabolism = 200 Water lost through skin and lungs = 1000 Total intake = 2200 Total output = 2200
• 35.
  • Water gain:water consumed during drinking,in foods, formed during oxidation of foods, metabolic process  Water lost: from skin, sweat etc.
• 37.
   The kidneysstimulate the adrenal glands to secrete the hormone aldosterone.  Aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain sodium and to excrete potassium. When sodium is retained, less urine is produced, eventually causing blood volume to increase.  The pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone. Antidiuretic hormone causes the kidneys to conserve fluid. Then blood volume increases. Mechanism of Na:
• 38.
  When the conc.of Na increases in body info is passed through:  Sensors in heart Blood vessels  (finally) Kidneys detect the increase and stimulates  it to be in normal Beauty of the body!..
• 39.
  Potassium homeostasis dependson maintenance of external and internal potassium balance External potassium balance -potassium intake (100 meq/day) and rate of urinary (90 meq/day) and fecal excretion (10 meq/day). Internal potassium balance - distribution of potassium between muscle, bone, liver, and red blood cells (RBC) and the extracellular fluid (ECF). Potassium homeostasis
• 40.
   Hyperkalemia :-high level of potassium in blood  The serious consequences of these condition are:- abnormal heart rhythm, cardiac arrest  Hypokalemia :- Low level of potassium in blood
• 41.
   K isconsumed in food & drinks that contain electrolytes and lost primarily in urine  Some K is lost through sweat.  Healthy kidneys can adjust the excreation of K to match changes in consumption. Mechanism how the body maintains …
• 42.
  Body maintains theright level of K by matching the amount of K consumed that of the amount lost…. regulated by alterations in excretion in the distal renal tubule, where mineralocorticoid hormones and Na-K ATPase are the major regulating factors. The distribution of potassium across cell membranes is influenced by changes in acid-base status, by pancreatic hormones and by the autonomic nervous system
• 43.
  Na and Clmetabolism is so much inter related as, The loss of Na in sweat ,urine is accompanied with more loss of Cl It results in low level of plasma chloride,and thus there is increase in Bicarbonates with consequent alkalosis Metabolism of Cl:
• 44.
   Health iswealth!!...  Due to action of ADH Regulates the excess loss of water by Kidneys  Exception:- in diabetes insipidus  Balancing is seen when water intake=water output Balancing of water !!
• 45.
  Finally, FLUID METABOLISM inbody is looked after by our KIDNEYS and our cell membranes which will help in transportation of ions and maintains the acid-base balance…. Body has a very good mechanism to manage everything ….