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Uploaded byVAMSHIKRISHNA800
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floral biology of tomato

This document summarizes the floral biology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical name (Solanum lycopersicum) and family (Solanaceae). It then describes the plant's roots, stem, leaves, inflorescence, flower morphology including calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It discusses anthesis, self-pollination, cross-pollination techniques including emasculation, pollen collection, and artificial pollination. It also covers fertilization, fruit set, seed structure and composition, economic importance as a major global crop and model plant for research.

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Floral biology of Tomato PRESENTED BY : VAMSHI KRISHNA V PGS18AGR7846 Dept. of seed science and technology
• Common Name : Tomato • Botanical name: Solanum lycopersicum • Family : Solanaceae Introduction:
Area(m Ha) Production(m T) World 4.58 150.51 India 0.80 19.69 Karnataka 0.063 2.1
1. Roots: It has a tap root system with a depth of 50cm or more. 2. Stem: Growth habit is erect to prostate. Plant height is 2-4m. The stem is solid, coarse, hairy and glandular. 3. Leaf: are spirally arranged, 15-50cm long and 10- 30cm wide. They are odd pinnate with 5-9 leaflets which are ovate to oblong, covered with glandular hairs having serrated margins. Botanical Description:
4. Inflorescence: Extra-axillary cyme with dichotomous or polychotomous branching.
5. Flower: Ebracteate, Bright yellow, Chasmogamous, Pentamerous, Actinomorphic, Hypogynous, Hermaphrodite, with a pistil enveloped with a solid tube formed by stamens.
Floral morphology:
a) Calyx: * 5 sepals * United * Often persistent * Possess trichomes 6) Parts of the flower:
b) Corolla: * Bright yellow * 5 Petals * Gamopetalous
c) Androecium: * 5 Stamens * Epipetalous * Small filaments * Large anthers * Stamens from a solid enclosing the pistil * Anther dehiscence is longitudinal
d) Gynoecium: * Ovary: superior, bicarpellary and syncarpous. * Style: Single * Stigma: Bilobed
• Starts in morning around 6am and continues till 11am. • Maximum flower opening is from 7 to 9 am. • Stigma receptivity: 16 to 18 hrs before anthesis to 5 to days after anthesis. • Pollen viability: 2 to 5 days(18 – 25 ˚C) and up to 6 months in a dessicator (5˚C). Anthesis:
• Essentially a Self Pollinated crop as stamens form a solid cone enclosing the pistil. • Self pollination varies between 94 - 99%.
• But 1.5 – 47% Natural Cross pollination have been reported depending on – Temperature – Insect population & activity at flowering time – Planting design – Plant population – Wind velocity & direction – Genotypic nature
Selfing techniques: • Bagging of young bud • Manual transfer of freshly collected pollen on stigmas of flowers of the same plant. Pollination:
• Includes a)Emasculation b)Pollen collection c)Artificial pollination Crossing techniques:
• Select the bud in which anthesis will commence 12- 16hrs later • Petals just out of bud • Corolla colour is yellow or even paler Selection of flower bud:
A) Emasculation: • Removal of male organs from flower of female parent • Use sharp-pointed forceps to force open the selected buds • Then split open the anther cone
• Grasp the anther cone with forceps with one tip inserted between style & anther and the other between anther and calyx • Gently pulling away from the floral axis carefully remove the anther cone out of the bud, leaving the calyx, corolla and pistil
• Or the stamens can also be removed individually • Bag the emasculated flowers • Normally emasculation is done in the afternoon and pollination in the next morning • To avoid emasculation CGMS or GMS lines can be used
B) Pollen collection: • Collect flowers from the male parent during early morning hours • Remove the anther cones from the flowers and put them in glassine envelopes
• Dry the anthers by placing the envelopes 30 cm below a 100-watt lamp for 24 hours. The temperature is around 30˚C
• Put the dried anther cones in a vial. Cover the vial with a fine mesh screen (200-300 mesh) and then seal it with a similar tight-fitting cup, serving as a lid • Shake the vial about 10- 20 times so that the pollen is collected in the “lid” cup.
• Transfer the pollen into a small suitable container for pollination. Fresh pollen is best for good fruit-set. It can be kept for one day at moderate room temperature • Or can be placed in dehydrator with silica gel & kept in a refrigerator at 10°C to maintain viability for 10 - 15 days
• Tap or vibrate the flower to release the pollen and collect it in a glass tube • Or use a flattened dissecting needle or forceps to gather pollen by cutting a slit in the anther cone and scraping the contents of one antheridia at a time
C) Artificial pollination: • On complete blossoming of the emasculated flowers cut their calyx and corolla to expose the stigma
• Dip the stigma into the pool of pollen in the pollen container • Or pollinate by touching the stigma with the tip of the index finger dipped in the pollen pool
• Freshly collected pollen can also be applied with a camel hair brush or by using a pollination syringe • Hybridized flowers are tagged properly • Pollination is usually done 3 times weekly on alternate days over a 3-5 week period depending upon rate of flower development
After pollination: • Successful pollination results in ovary enlargement within 4 - 5 days • Success rate - 50 to 70% • It depends upon temperature and humidity • 22 - 28°C and 70 - 80% RH are optimum for good seed set • Pollinate only first 3 - 4 flowers in each inflorescence as basal flowers set seeds better than terminal ones
• Maximum, if pollination is at the time of anthesis • Fertilization occurs 24 to 50 hrs after pollination • 6 to 8 weeks from first flower to ripe fruit • Fruit is a berry Fertilization and fruit set:
a) Internal structure: • Each seed consists of a embryo which in future grows in to a plant. • This embryo consists of an embryonic root called radicle and one or more embryonic leaves called cotyledons. Immature embryo also has a plumule, which develops in to shoot. • A protective shell called a seed coat or testa, surrounds the embryonic plant. Seed structure:
• Embryo gets the energy they need to germinate from stored energy inside the seed called endosperm, which is usually starch.
b) External structure: • They are kidney or pear shaped • Hairs are present on seed • Are light brown in colour • Are 3-5 mm long and 2-4mm wide
Chemical composition of seed: Substance Percentage(%) Moisture 8.95 Protein 27.62 fat 24.40 lecithin 0.56 Fiber 13.60 Ash 40.20 N-free extracts 21
* 3-4gms * 250-330 seeds/gram 1000 seed weight:
• 2nd most consumed vegetable after potato in the world • 1st in terms of total contribution of nutrients to human diet among vegetables • Consumed in fresh form and various processed forms like soup, sauce, ketchup, paste, puree, canned etc. • Tops the list of processed vegetables • Also an ideal model plant for physiological, biochemical, cytological and molecular investigations Economic importance:
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