Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday January 17, 2011

The Meaning of the Holiday Dr. King’s Birth Dr. King’s Education Dr. King’s Marriage and Family Dr. King’s Ordination Dr. King’s Civil Rights Activities Dr. King’s Assassination Dr. King’s Death and Memorial Dr. King’s Legacy 2011 is the 25 th anniversary of the first Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday. Dr. King’s birthday occurs on January 15 th , but the official holiday is celebrated on the third Monday in January. The HHSC Civil Rights Office provides this presentation on Dr. King to celebrate his life and the holiday in his honor. This presentation includes: Overview Poster: Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute.

The Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday celebrates the life and contributions of Dr. Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.—one of America’s greatest champions of racial justice and equality. The leader who not only dreamed of a color-blind society, but who also lead a movement that achieved historic reforms to help make it a reality. According to Coretta Scott King, civil rights activist and widow of Dr. King, the holiday celebrates: The Meaning of the Holiday “ The life and legacy of a man who brought hope and healing to America. We commemorate as well the timeless values he taught us through his example—the values of courage, truth, justice, compassion, dignity, humility, and service that so radiantly defined Dr. King’s character and empowered his leadership. On this holiday, we commemorate the universal, unconditional love, forgiveness and nonviolence that empowered his revolutionary spirit.”

Dr. King's Birth Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929. He was the second child and first son of Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr., and Alberta Williams King. Two other children born to the Kings were Willie Christine King Farris and Alfred Daniel Williams King. Martin Luther King, Jr., at age six. Photos: Christine King Ferris. Photo of the King family in 1948 when Martin Luther King, Jr., graduated from Morehouse College. Shown is Martin Luther King, Sr., Alberta Williams King, Martin Luther King, Jr., A. D. King, and Willie Christine King.

Dr. King's Education Martin Luther King, Jr., began his education in segregated public school in Georgia. He skipped several grades in school and entered high school in the fall of 1942 at the age of 13. Because he skipped both the ninth and twelfth grades of high school King and his sister Willie Christine in June 1948. 1948— graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology from Morehouse College . 1951 — graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity from Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania. 1955 — completed his Ph.D. in Systematic Theology at Boston University . Photo: Christine King Ferris. in the fall of 1942 at the age of 13. Because he skipped both the ninth and twelfth grades of high school and passed his college entrance examinations with a high score, he entered Morehouse College at the age of 15.

Dr. King's Marriage and Family Martin Luther King, Jr., married Coretta Scott on June 18, 1953. The two met and began dating while Coretta Scott was enrolled at Boston's New England Conservatory of Music and Martin Luther King, Jr., was working on his doctorate at Boston University's School of Theology. The King family is pictured at home in Atlanta (1965): from left, Martin, Dr. King, Coretta Scott King, Dexter and Yolanda. They had four children: Yolanda Denise on November 17, 1955 Martin Luther, III on October 23, 1957 Dexter Scott on January 30, 1961 Bernice Albertine on March 28, 1963

Dr. King's Ordination Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. Dr. King entered the Christian ministry and was ordained in February 1948 when he was 19 years old. Following his ordination, he became assistant Pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, where his father was Pastor. Once Dr. King completed his studies, he became Pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama and remained there until 1959. In November 1959, Dr. King resigned from Dexter Avenue Baptist and moved back to Atlanta to direct the activities of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). From 1960 until his death in 1968, Dr. King was co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church and President of the SCLC.

Dr. King's Civil Rights Activities Dr. King’s public role as an activist for civil rights began in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. In the fourteen years from his call to Montgomery to his assassination, Dr. King established through his life and actions a legacy of hope that America would realize its full potential as one of the greatest nations. This presentation briefly covers the following areas of Dr. King’s civil rights activities: Rosa Parks and Boycott of Montgomery City Buses Time Magazine and The SCLC Dr. King’s First Book Published Dr. King Arrested During a Sit-in “ Letter from Birmingham Jail” “ I Have a Dream” Eulogy For Children Killed in Church Bombing Nobel Peace Prize Selma, Alabama’s “Bloody Sunday” Dr. King Publicly Opposes Vietnam War “ March Against Fear” “ I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” Speech Given in Memphis

Soon after beginning at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Dr. King was thrust to the forefront of an effort to gain fair treatment for African Americans who used Montgomery’s city buses. On December 1 st , 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to vacate her city bus seat for a White passenger. At the time, there were no seats available in the bus and Mrs. Parks and three other African American passengers were ordered to surrender their seats to boarding White passengers as required by Montgomery law. She politely refused and was arrested. The next afternoon African American ministers and civic leaders planned a one-day boycott to protest the segregation and lack of courtesy toward African American passengers. Dr. King spoke at a mass rally the first evening of the boycott. Dr. King was elected president of the organization set up to organize the boycott. With Dr. King’s leadership, the boycott was extended for a whole year until changes were made in the city bus rules and regulations. Rosa Parks and the Bus Boycott

During the year-long boycott, Dr. King was arrested for violating a law that prohibited interference in the operation of a lawful business without a just cause. He was found guilty of conspiracy to boycott city buses in a campaign to desegregate the bus system and was fined $500. The bus boycott did not end until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Alabama’s transportation laws requiring segregation were unconstitutional ( Browder v. Gayle). On December 21, 1956, Dr. King and Mrs. Rosa Parks were both one of the first passengers to ride the integrated city buses. Photo by Gene Herrick—Associated Press Dr. King is welcomed with a kiss by his wife Coretta after leaving court in Montgomery, Alabama, March 22, 1956, where he was found guilty of conspiracy. Rosa Parks and the Bus Boycott

In May 1957, Dr. King gave his first national address, “ Give Us The Ballot ,” at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C. at The Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom. Also that year, Southern Black ministers met in Atlanta to share strategies in the fight against segregation. King was named chairman of the Southern Negro Leaders Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration, which was later known as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Time Magazine and The SCLC The Montgomery boycott put Dr. King in the national spotlight. Time magazine featured a cover story on Dr. King and the boycott on February 18, 1957. March 19, 1965 Jan. 3, 1964 Feb. 18, 1957 Dr. King would appear on two other covers of Time magazine in his lifetime. In 1964, Dr. King won Time’s Man of the Year , which was the same year he won the Nobel Peace Prize. The March 1965 Time magazine covered the violence that occurred in Selma, Alabama during a civil rights march.

Dr. King's First Book Published Dr. King’s first book, Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story , was published in September 1958. During a book signing in Harlem, New York, King was stabbed with a letter opener by Izola Ware Curry, an African American woman. The tip of the blade pressed against his aorta and a very delicate surgery, involving the removal of a rib and portions of his breastbone, was required to save his life. New York Gov. Averell Harriman talks with Dr. King and Coretta Scott King in Harlem Hospital where King was recovering from a stab wound.

Dr. King Arrested During a Sit-in In 1960, Dr. King moved his family back to Atlanta where he could work full-time for the SCLC and assist his father on a part-time basis at Ebenezer Baptist Church. In October of that year, Dr. King was arrested during a sit-in demonstration at Rich’s department store in Atlanta. This arrest triggered additional charges in a neighboring county where he had been arrested and placed on probation the previous year. As a result, he was sentenced to four months of hard labor at a maximum security prison. Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy helped get King released on bond in October. This intervention won Kennedy widespread support in African American communities and he won the presidential election days later. On October 27, 1960, King is greeted by his wife Coretta and their children Martin Luther, III, and Yolanda after his release from prison.

"Letter From a Birmingham Jail" From 1960 to 1963, Dr. King and his followers continued to organize marches, sit-ins, and demonstrations throughout the South. In 1963 the Birmingham Campaign began with the following goals: (1) desegregation of all lunch counters, restrooms, and drinking fountains in stores and (2) the hiring of Blacks by local business and industry. On Good Friday, Dr. King led a march in defiance of a court injunction in order to go to jail to demonstrate his commitment. Dr. King was arrested, his 13 th arrest in his fight for civil rights. While in prison, he wrote the famous “ Letter From a Birmingham Jail ,” in response to a published letter written by eight Christian and Jewish clergy who advised African Americans to wait patiently for justice. Dr. King’s response outlined in concise terms exactly why African Americans could not wait any longer for their freedom. The letter was so forceful and persuasive copies were circulated and printed all over the world. Dr. King sits in a jail cell in the Jefferson County Courthouse in Birmingham, Ala. (UPI/Corbis-Bettmann)

“ So the question is not whether we will be extremists but what kind of extremists will we be. Will we be extremists for hate or will we be extremists for love? Will we be extremists for the preservation of injustice or will we be extremists for the cause of justice?” “ We have waited for more than three hundred and forty years for our constitutional and God-given rights.” “ We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people.” “ A riot is the language of the unheard.” Excerpts from "Letter From a Birmingham Jail"

On August 28, 1963, Dr. King gave one of his most famous speeches, titled “I Have A Dream,” at The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom . About 250,000 people attended the march to urge support for impending civil-rights legislation that President Kennedy had introduced to Congress earlier that year. King was the final speaker of the day and all three television networks interrupted scheduled programming to carry his speech live. Dr. King did not give his prepared speech however, instead choosing to speak from his heart about his vision for the future. The speech captured the attention of many who had not previously thought seriously about civil rights for African Americans and was instrumental in garnering support for federal legislation. "I Have a Dream" Dr. King acknowledges the crowd at the Lincoln Memorial for his "I Have a Dream" speech. Associated Press photo

Excerpts from "I Have a Dream" “ Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation….But one hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. In a sense we have come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation.” It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds.’

Photo: Flip Schulke Excerpts from "I Have a Dream" “ Now, I say to you today my friends, even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.’” “ I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”

President Kennedy addressed the nation on June 11, 1963, paraphrasing some of King’s own speeches and sent the proposed legislation to Congress eight days later. Kennedy was assassinated on November 23rd. President Johnson next told Congress that nothing could honor the slain president more than passage of the civil rights legislation. Congress passed the landmark civil rights legislation and President Johnson signed it on July 2, 1964 in the presence of eight Black leaders, including Dr. King and Mrs. Rosa Parks. President Johnson said, “those who are equal before God shall now be equal in the polling booths, in the classrooms, in the factories, and in hotels, restaurants, movie theaters, and other places that provide service to the public.” Civil Rights Act of 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the bill into law. Dr. King is standing directly behind the President.

On September 15, 1963, four Black schoolgirls—Addie Mae Collins, Carol Denise McNair, Carole Robertson, and Cynthia Dianne Wesley—were killed by a bomb explosion at Birmingham’s Sixteenth St. Baptist Church. This was the 21st time in eight years that African Americans had been the victims of bombings in Birmingham. Dr. King delivers the eulogy at the funerals of Addie Mae Collins, Carol Denise McNair, and Cynthia Dianne Wesley, three of the four children that were killed. Carole Robertson, the fourth victim, was buried in a separate ceremony. Eulogy for Children Killed in Church Bombing View of the outside of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham after the bombing.

Nobel Peace Prize Dr. King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in December 1964. At 35 years old, he was the youngest recipient ever. The Peace Prize was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States. The Kings and several friends traveled to Oslo, Norway, where King Olav V presented the medal on December 10, 1964. “ I accept the Nobel Prize for Peace at a moment when 22 million Negroes of the United States of America are engaged in a creative battle to end the long night of racial injustice. I accept this award on behalf of a civil rights movement which is moving with determination and a majestic scorn for risk and danger to establish a reign of freedom and a rule of justice.” King receives the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway.

Selma, Alabama's "Bloody Sunday" The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not have clear language on voting rights, and there remained very strong resistance across the South to the registration of Blacks to vote. The SCLC decided to start a campaign for voting rights in Selma, Alabama, which was a typical, rigidly segregated Southern community. The campaign began in January 1965 like others with marches and demonstrations that resulted in King and many others being arrested. As conflict and violence escalated, Dr. King and his followers planned to lead a march on March 7th from Selma to the state capitol in Montgomery. Dr. King had to leave town but agreed that the march should continue under the direction of Reverend Hosea Williams. What happened next has become known as “ Bloody Sunday ” as the marchers were tear gassed by state troopers after they crossed the Pettus Bridge just outside of Selma. The troopers used bullwhips and rubber tubes wrapped in barbwire to attack the marchers. Wounded marchers at the Edmund Pettus Bridge.

Next, Dr. King urgently requesting clergy of all faiths and races around the country to join him in another march on March 9 th . More than 400 clergymen responded to his call and when they began the march across the Pettus Bridge, they encountered 350 state troopers. Hoping to avoid more bloodshed, King turned the march around. President Johnson sent federal troops to Selma to stop the bloodshed and addressed Congress on March 15 to ask for a new voting rights bill. After this, an Alabama state judge approved King’s plan for a march from Selma to Montgomery. Three hundred marchers walked the entire three days and more than 25,000 people completed the march around the city. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed which outlawed all literacy tests, provided federal supervision of voting registration in seven states, and challenged the legality of poll taxes. Selma, Alabama's "Bloody Sunday"

Dr. King Opposes Vietnam War In 1966 and 1967 Dr. King began to also speak out against other violations of human rights and the escalation of the Vietnam War. Dr. King felt obligated as a Christian minister and Nobel Peace Prize recipient to speak out against the war. He delivered a major speech, titled “ The Causalities of the War in Vietnam ,” in Los Angeles on February 25, 1967, which was devoted exclusively to an anti-war theme. In April 1967, he also gave a famous sermon, titled “ Beyond Vietnam ,” to a gathering of clergy and laymen at the Riverside Church in New York City. Dr. King tells reporters he is "disenchanted" with President Johnson's Vietnam policies. Photo: Associated Press

The Memphis Labor Strike On March 28, 1968, Dr. King led a march of six thousand protesters in support of striking sanitation workers in Memphis, Tennessee. Dr. King did not know about feuding factions involved in the strike that led to the march becoming violent. Dr. King refused to lead the march forward once he realized what was happening. “ You know, I cannot worry about my safety; I cannot live in fear. I have to function. If there is any one fear I have conquered, it is my fear of death.” During the winter of 1967-68, King and the SCLC staff were increasingly worried about the possibility King might be assassinated. Two St. Louis businessmen had offered a total bounty of $70,000 to anyone who would kill King. Dr. King refused armed guards or to carry a gun, saying

"I've Been To The Mountaintop" On April 3 rd , Dr. King returned to Memphis to lead a planned march on April 5 th . On the evening of April 3 rd , Dr. King gave his famous “ Mountaintop ” speech to 2,000 supporters. In his speech, Dr. King said: “ Well, I don’t know what will happen now. We’ve got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn’t matter with me now. Because I’ve been to the mountaintop. And I don’t mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I’m not concerned about that now. I just want to do God’s will. And He’s allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I’ve looked over. And I’ve seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people will get to the promised land. And I’m happy, tonight. I’m not worried about anything. I’m not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.”

The next day, April 4, 1968, Dr. King stepped out onto the balcony of his motel room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, as he waited for his staff to gather for dinner. He was shot in the neck by a single bullet from a concealed shooter named James Earl Ray. Dr. King could not survive the loss of blood and died minutes later. He was 39 years old. Dr. King's Assassination The balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, a day before King's assassination. Shown from left: Hosea Williams, Jesse Jackson, Dr. King, and Rev. Ralph David Abernathy.

Dr. King's Death and Memorial In Atlanta, mourners kept an all-night vigil outside the Ebenezer Baptist Church waiting to view the body of slain civil rights leader Dr. King. The entire nation was shocked by the murder of Dr. King. President Johnson declared Sunday, April 7 th , a day of national mourning. Governments worldwide announced their concern and sense of loss over the death of Dr. King. Reverend Abernathy, King’s closest friend, officiated at the memorial service at Ebenezer Baptist Church. The 800 people inside the church were joined by nearly 100,000 mourners in the streets outside.

After the service, Dr. King’s casket was placed in a wooden farm cart and drawn before 50,000 marchers by two mules to the campus of Morehouse College. There, Dr. Mays, Dr. King’s greatest mentor, eulogized Dr. King: “ God called the grandson of a slave on his father’s side, and said to him: Martin Luther, speak to America about war and peace; about social justice and racial discrimination; about its obligations to the poor; and about nonviolence as a way of perfecting social change in a world of brutality and war.” Dr. King's Death and Memorial

The life and accomplishments of Dr. King are now remembered through the national holiday celebrating his birth. In the years following his call to Montgomery, Dr. King established through his life a legacy of hope that America would realize its full potential as one of the greatest nations in the world. This legacy is renewed and affirmed each year as the nation celebrates the anniversary of his birth and reflects on his dream. Dr. King's Legacy Photo: Flip Schulke

“ If any of you are around when I have to meet my day, I don’t want a long funeral. And if you get somebody to deliver the eulogy, tell him not to talk too long…Tell them not to mention that I have a Nobel Peace Prize. That isn’t important. Tell them not to mention that I have three or four hundred other awards. That’s not important. Tell them not to mention where I went to school. I’d like somebody to mention that day, that Martin Luther King, Jr., tried to give his life serving others. I’d like for somebody to say that day, that Martin Luther King, Jr., tried to love somebody. I want you to say that day that I tried to be right on the war question. I want you to be able to say that day, that I did try to feed the hungry. And I want you to be able to say that day that I did try in my life to clothe those who were naked. I want you to say on that day, that I did try in my life to visit those who were in prison. I want you to say that I tried to love and serve humanity.” In conclusion, we offer the powerful words Dr. King delivered in a sermon on February 4, 1968, at Ebenezer Baptist Church:

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“ 2005 King Holiday Theme and Graphics.” The King Center. Http://thekingcenter.com/holiday/graphics.html “ Biography of Martin Luther King Jr.” The Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project at Stanford University. Http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/biography/ “ Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday Celebration 2000: Wisdom from the Past. Vision for the Future.” DEOMI Heritage Series Pamphlet 00-2. King, Coretta Scott. “The Meaning of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday.” The King Center. Http://thekingcenter.com/holiday/index.asp King Jr., Martin Luther. “I Have A Dream.” Http://www.mecca.org/~crights/dream.html “ Major King Events Chronology.” The Martin Luther King Jr. Papers Project at Stanford University. Http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/king_events.htm Sources

“ Martin Luther King – Acceptance Speech.” Nobelprize.org. Http://nobelprize.org/peace.laureates/1964/king-acceptance.html “ Martin Luther King – Biography.” Nobelprize.org. Http://nobelprize.org/peace.laureates/1964/king-bio.html “ Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Biographical Sketch.” Louisiana State University. Http://www.lib.lsu.edu?hum?mlk/srs218.html “ Martin Luther King Jr. & the Civil Rights Movement.” The Seattle Times. Http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/mlk/king/timeline.html “ Martin Luther King – Nobel Lecture.” Nobelprize.org. Http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1964/king-lecture.html “ The Quotations Page—Martin Luther King Jr. Quotes.” Http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Martin_Luther_King_Jr . White, Jack E. “The Time 100—Leaders & Revolutionaries: Martin Luther King.” Http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/king.html Sources

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

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