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Disorder_of_Emotion pby_DTD_PPT May 2025.pptx

Sharing information about emotional disorders is crucial for raising awareness and reducing stigma, which encourages open conversations about mental health. This dialogue helps individuals identify symptoms in themselves and others, facilitating early intervention and support. Public discussions foster empathy and understanding, creating a more supportive community for those affected by emotional disorders. Additionally, education empowers individuals with coping strategies and resources, aiding in their recovery journey. Ultimately, disseminating knowledge about emotional disorders leads to improved mental health outcomes and contributes to a healthier society as a whole.

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WELL COME
DISORDER OF EMOTION Presented by: Dagne Tesfaye (PhD candidate in counseling psychology) Moderator :Dr. Bezaye Alemu (Psychiatrist) May 9,2025 Jimma
Outline Introduction  Emotion, Feeling, mood and affect  theories of Emotion Disorders of Emotion  Normal Emotional Reactions  Abnormal Emotional reactions  Abnormal Expressions of Emotion  Morbid Expressions of Emotion  Morbid Disorders of Emotion
Purpose of studying the Disorder of emotion  Understanding disorders of emotion is crucial in both clinical practice and everyday life for several reasons.  Clinically, it enables healthcare professionals to accurately diagnose and differentiate between normal emotional responses and those that are pathological, ensuring appropriate treatment and support for individuals experiencing emotional distress..
Cont.….. In everyday life, awareness of Emotional Disorder fosters empathy and understanding among individuals, helping to reduce stigma associated with mental health issues.
Objectives of the topics By the end of the presentation, participants will be able to :  Define and differentiate between feelings, emotions, mood and affect.  Classify and describe the five levels of emotional reactions (normal emotional reactions, abnormal emotional reactions, abnormal expressions of emotion, morbid expressions of emotion, and morbid disorders of emotion)  Analyze the distinctions between normal and abnormal emotional responses, focusing on the implications of these differences for clinical practice and patient care.  Evaluate the diagnostic criteria for emotional disorders as outlined in the ICD- 10 and DSM-5
•Emotion •Feeling •Mood •Affect •Theory of emotion Introduction
Definition of Emotion and Feeling Aspect Emotion Feeling Definition Is basically biological state caused by physiological changes occurring as a response to some event and which tends to maintain or abolish the causative event. A complex psychological state involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience. Is a reaction Is a positive or negative reactions to some experience or event. The subjective experience of emotions, often influenced by personal thoughts and memories. This is your awareness about the reaction(Emotion) Duration Typically short-lived and Can be longer-lasting and less
Cont.……. Expression Can be observed through facial expressions, body language, and physiological responses. More internal and subjective, not always visible to others. Examples Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust Feeling content, melancholic, frustrated, anxious, astonished, repulsed.
Paul Ekman six universal facial expression of Emotion
CONT …… For example, when you see a snake, your amygdala sends signals to your spinal cord and body, triggering an immediate emotional response. This response increases your heart rate, heightens sensitivity, and tenses your muscles, preparing you to run and protect yourself. This illustrates the function of emotion in facilitating quick reactions to perceived threats. initial emotional reaction (such as fear or anxiety) You might feel a sense of panic, dread, or urgency
Mood Mood is a pervasive and sustained emotion that colours the person’s world perception. (for particular period of time) Mood disturbances are common in psychiatric practice and can have severe consequences if not recognized or treated, including risks of suicide, homicide, reckless behavior, and negative social impact. Mood: A prolonged emotional state.
Abnormalities of mood can be classified as A.Morbid States: Alterations in basic emotions (sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust) affecting intensity, duration, and appropriateness. B.Physiological Mechanisms: Abnormalities in emotional arousal and response. C.Cognitive Evaluation: Distortions in perceiving social interactions and others' emotions.
AFFECT  Affect refers to the immediate emotional response observable in behavior.  Is short –lived emotions,is patient’s present emotional responses.  Affect: A broad term encompassing mood, feelings, attitudes, and evaluations, often reflected in external expressions like laughter or crying  Affect can be described as normal, constricted, blunt, or flat, indicating the range of emotional expression.  Tone of voice, body movements, and facial expressions are all ways in which express the affect.
Affect Refers to the observable expression of emotions. Can be positive or negative and is often assessed in clinical settings. Represents the immediate emotional response that can be seen in facial expressions or body language.
Types mood reports  The patient's emotional state reports. 1.Euthymic - Describes a stable, normal mood. 2.Labile - Refers to mood that is unstable or fluctuates rapidly. 3.Dysthymic - Indicates a persistently low mood or mild depression. 4.Euphoric - Refers to an excessively elevated mood. 5.Anxious - Indicates a stable but heightened state of anxiety. 6.Irritable - Describes a mood that is consistently irritable or easily provoked. 7.Flat Affect - Indicates a lack of emotional expression or variability. 8.Congruent - Mood that is appropriate to the context or situation. 9.Incongruent - Mood that does not match the context or situation.
Theories of Emotion 1. James–Lange Theory Proposed by William James and Carl Lange, this theory suggests that emotions arise from our awareness of physiological changes in response to stimuli. Key Concept: We feel emotions because of our bodily reactions. For example, we cry and then feel sad, or we tremble and then feel fear. • Stimulus (e.g. snarling dog) • Physiological arousal (High blood pressure, high heart rate, sweating) • Emotion (fear)
Cannon-Bard Theory Developed as a response to the James-Lange theory, this theory posits that emotional experiences and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently. Key Concept: Upon encountering a stimulus ( (e.g. snarling dog ), we feel fear at the same time our body reacts (e.g., increased heart rate). This theory emphasizes the primacy of emotional experience over physiological changes. Implication: It suggests that emotions do not require cognitive appraisal or interpretation of bodily states.
Walter Cannon and Philip Bard. Fear and the bodily reactions are experienced at the same time. Stimulus (e.g. snarling dog Sub-cortical brain - activity Physiological arousal (High blood pressure, high heart rate, sweating) Emotion (fear)
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory This theory combines physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation to explain emotions. Key Concept: An individual experiences physiological arousal in a social context, and the emotion felt is determined by the cognitive appraisal of that context. For instance, if the situation is perceived as threatening, fear is felt; if it’s perceived as humorous, joy is experienced. Implication: This theory highlights the importance of social context and cognitive processes in emotional experiences, making it relevant for understanding mood disorders
Two things have to happen before emotion occurs (physical arousal and labeling of the arousal based on cues from the surrounding environment). D.T.D BRU 21 Stimulus (e.g. snarling dog) Cognitive appraisal Emotion (fear Physiological arousal (High blood pressure, high heart rate, sweating)
Lazarus theory Stimulus leads to appraisal of the environment based on past experiences Appraisal determines feelings, which then initiates a physiological response Primary and secondary appraisal  Primary appraisal: Evaluating whether a situation is threatening  Secondary appraisal: Assessing resources and coping strategies to handle the situation Stimulus (e.g. snarling dog Appraisal fear) heart pounding Sweating
Summary  The James-Lange Theory emphasizes bodily responses as the basis for emotions.  The Cannon-Bard Theory argues for simultaneous emotional and physiological responses.  The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory integrates physiological arousal with cognitive appraisal to explain emotional experiences.  Lazarus theory- Appraisal determines feelings, which then initiates a physiological response
summary EMOTIONS Intense responses to specific stimuli. Short-lived, typically lasting seconds to minutes. Triggered by identifiable events or situations. Involves physiological changes (e.g., increased heart rate). Examples: joy, anger, fear FELLING Subjective interpretations of emotions. Can last longer than emotions, often hours or days. More cognitive in nature, influenced by thoughts and beliefs. Examples: contentment, anxiety, love. MOOD Generalized emotional states that can last for hours or days. Not directly tied to specific events; influenced by various factors (e.g., environment, physiology). Can affect how emotions are experienced and interpreted. Examples: happiness, irritability, sadness
Risk Factors of Emotional Disorders  Genetic Predisposition  Stressful Life Events  Childhood Adversity  Parental Mental Health  Personality Traits (e.g., neuroticism)  Environmental Stressors  Substance Abuse  Chronic Illness or Pain/physical health  Social Isolation or Lack of Support
General External Behaviors of Individuals with Emotional Disorders APA (2013). D SM (5th ed.). Beck, A. T., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2011). C ognitive Therapy  Mood Swings: Rapid changes in emotional state.  Withdrawal: Avoiding social interactions.  Irritability: Increased frustration over minor issues.  Changes in Sleep Patterns: Insomnia or excessive sleeping.  Changes in Appetite: Significant weight fluctuations.  Difficulty Concentrating: Trouble focusing on tasks.  Physical Symptoms: Unexplained aches or fatigue.  Impulsivity: Engaging in risky behaviors.  Self-Isolation: Spending excessive time alone.
General Internal Behaviors of Individuals with Emotional Disorders APA (2013). D SM (5th ed.). Beck, A. T., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2011). C ognitive Therapy  Negative Thoughts.  Feelings of worthlessness.  Excessive Guilt  Anxiety and Fear.  Emotional Numbness: Detachment from emotions.  Extreme emotional reactions.  Catastrophizing  Feelings of Hopelessness.  Intrusive Thoughts  Self-Criticism
Significance of Differentiating Emotions Importance of Distinction: classification and description of moods and emotion are important  Misunderstanding these terms can lead to confusion in clinical settings, affecting diagnosis and treatment.  Recognizing the difference between normal and abnormal emotional responses is crucial for effective mental health care.
Cont.……  The fact that the same terminology is used to describe those that are normal and appropriate (indeed their absence might be considered abnormal) and those that are so pathological as to warrant hospitalisation.  Terms such as depression, anxiety, etc., are examples of similar words being used for normal emotional reactions and for disorders requiring treatment.
classification  Normal Emotional Reactions  Grief reactions (bereavement, response to a life – threatening diagnosis)  Abnormal Emotional reactions  Abnormal Expressions of Emotion  Morbid Expressions of Emotion  Morbid Disorders of Emotion
Classification of Emotional Reactions The term normal emotional reactions will be used to describe emotional states that are the result of events and that lie within cultural and social norms. Grief reactions (bereavement, response to a life –threatening diagnosis) Abnormal emotional reactions are those that are understandable but excessive. (anxiety, phobias Abnormal expressions of emotion refer to emotional expressions that are very different from the average normal reaction. Morbid expression of emotion - the abnormality in their emotional expressions, which is evident to observers Morbid disorders of emotional expression differ from abnormal expressions of emotion in that the person is unaware of the abnormality.
Normal Emotional Reactions These are appropriate responses to life events, such as grief after losing a loved one .They typically do not impair functioning significantly and are culturally accepted.  Duration and intensity of these reactions can vary, but they usually resolve over time. This is happen b/c of Nervous System Response During Grief:  Sympathetic Nervous System Activation:  Heightened stress responses -Increased stress hormones (e.g., epinephrine, cortisol) Parasympathetic Nervous System: Struggles to promote relaxation  Contributes to physical and emotional symptoms of grief
Cont.. In western culture grief reaction evaporates 2 to 4 months and not to affect the life of a person. For example , a mother in grief may not forget his/her duties, mother in grief so she have to continue to take care of children. There is little to assist the clinician in this regard, although a period of 6–12 months is usually mentioned in relation to the usual duration of normal grief reactions.
•Anxiety •Anxious Foreboding •Depressed mood •Secondary symptoms •Reactivity Mood •Demoralization Abnormal emotion reaction
Abnormal Emotional Reactions These reactions are excessive and lead to prolonged impairment in functioning, such as adjustment disorders Diagnostic criteria from ICD-10 and DSM-5 help classify these abnormal emotional states includes anxiety, depression, other emotions or disturbance of conduct). Clinically, they are categorized under mood disturbances Abnormal reactions may include prolonged grief or anxiety that disrupts daily life They may arise from stressful events but do not resolve with the removal of the stressor
Factors Influencing Abnormal Emotional Reactions  Individual Attributes  Genetic predisposition.  Personality traits.  External Factors  Social support  Duration and severity of stressors.
Cont.…..  The Yerkes-Dodson curve illustrates the relationship between stress and performance, indicating that excessive stress leads to dysfunction
Yerkes-Dodson level of stress curve
Anxiety  is good or bad ? When ?  Anxiety is unpleasant affective state characterized by "fear for no adequate /uncertain reason."  Descriptive terms such as tension, stress and ‘taut like a wire’ are often used by the patient.  Anxiety is the bio-psycho- social Phenomenon  Symptoms: Includes tension, stress, palpitations, sweating, difficulty breathing, and dizziness results Panic Attacks: Sudden overwhelming fear with physical symptoms.  Phobias are associated with physical symptoms of anxiety and with avoidance  Fear restricted to specific objects, situations, or ideas.
Cont.. Social phobia –fear of disgrace and fear that they will laugh at you. Afraid of social event & Avoid social meetings Agoraphobia - fear of market place/big space/or Fear of leaving the house and fear of a seizure in unfamiliar place and at the same time fear of not getting help. Specific phobia – is the isolated fear and avoidance of specific objects (Ophidiophobia- snake, Arachnophobia- spiders, Aerophobia –flight, Acrophobia- high place , cynophobia –dog)
Characteristics Learning Responses: Development of fears through past experiences (e.g., fear of dogs after a bite) Anxiety may be associated with anxious foreboding. Anxious Foreboding: A sense that something terrible will happen without a clear cause; patients may not connect their feelings to specific triggers. Fear of an unspecified negative event, present in disorders like generalized anxiety and panic disorder.
Somatization Affect Somatization Affect Related to Anxiety Somatization is the expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms. For example, an individual experiencing anxiety may report headaches, stomachaches, or fatigue, even when no medical cause is found.
Depressed Mood Common Reaction: A frequently experienced abnormal emotional state. "Depression" can refer to appropriate sadness (e.g., bereavement), low mood from frustration, or severe depressive illness. Differentiating between appropriate sadness, low mood, and severe depressive illness. Secondary Symptoms: Depression may arise as a symptom of another condition or as an understandable reaction.
Reactivity of Mood  is fluctuations in mood based on environmental changes.  Examples: Mood improvement during holidays or after resolving stressful situations.  Adaptation: Over time, individuals may adapt to adverse conditions, leading to symptom improvement, but may also experience anger, blame, or self-harm.  Sometimes there is anger and blame directed at the guilty party or situation; there may also be threats of self-harm and sleep may be disturbed.
Demoralization  A state of isolation, despair, and helplessness, often seen in serious illnesses like cancer. It differs from depression as it lacks guilt and anhedonia, but features uncertainty about the future and intact motivation. Recognition of Abnormal Emotional Reactions: Importance of understanding and addressing these reactions for improved mental health outcomes.
•Dissociation of affect Derealization and depersonalization Smiling Depressive and Belle Indifference Denial and Apathy Perplexity Abnormal expression of Emotion
Abnormal Expressions of Emotion Definition and Characteristics: Abnormal expressions of emotion deviate significantly from typical emotional responses, often recognized by the individual.  include excessive emotional responses or a lack of emotional expression in expected situations. Cultural Considerations: Emotional expressions can vary widely across cultures, making it essential to consider cultural context in assessment. What may seem excessive in one culture could be a normal expression in another. (e.g., intense grief).
Clinical Implications: Recognizing abnormal expressions can aid in diagnosing conditions like depression or anxiety. Clinicians must differentiate between cultural norms and pathological expressions to provide appropriate care. Emotional expressions significantly different from typical reactions; individuals are usually aware of their abnormality.
1. Dissociation of Affect: Dissociation of Affect: Lack of expected emotional response, often seen in depression, resulting in feelings of numbness. It is an unconscious defense against the impact of overwhelming stress. For example the emotional indifference that is often found in violent criminals, who are usually able to discuss their unpleasant crimes without any emotion. Eg.2.
Cont.… Example 2. parents receiving news of their son's death in a car crash might manifest as a feeling of numbness or detachment from reality. For instance, a mother may hear the news but feel as if she is watching it happen from a distance, unable to fully process the emotional impact or react in the moment. In schizophrenia, "paralysis" can refer to a phenomenon known as "catatonia," where an individual may exhibit a lack of movement or response despite having no physical impairment
a. Derealization and Depersonalization  In DSM, a dissociative disorder characterized by a feeling that one’s reality is temporarily lost. Also known as depersonalisation necrosis  Derealisation and depersonalisation, although not primarily disorders of emotion but disorders of the experience of self, are associated with a feeling of being cut off or a feeling that objects seem distant.  In both of these conditions the accompanying feeling of being unresponsive is probably the most common example of dissociation of affect
Derealization and Depersonalization
Cont.......... Derealisation has received less attention from neurobiologists, and both conditions are usually considered together. Both can be found in those without any psychiatric disorder as well as being recognised in their own right and as symptoms in a range of psychiatric and epileptiform disorders.  Common Symptoms: Feelings of unresponsiveness; can occur in individuals without psychiatric disorders or as symptoms of various conditions.  Neurobiological Model: Suggested involvement of fronto-insula/limbic inhibition.  suggests that there is an imbalance where the fronto-insula regions exert excessive inhibitory control over the limbic system.
b. Smiling Depressive and Belle Indifference Smiling Depressive: Retains the ability to smile but lacks genuine emotional expression; eyes show tension, indicating severe depression.
Cont...
Cont.… Belle Indifference: Rare phenomenon in conversion disorder where individuals show emotional indifference despite severe symptoms. Belle Indifference- Psychiatric diagnostic term describing the difference with which Hysterical patients often seem to view conversion symptoms( see conversation hysteria) which should ,on the face of it, be extremely distressing. Denial and Apathy Denial: Unconscious refusal to acknowledge distressing events (e.g., bad news about illness) without emotional display.
Cont...... Apathy: Emotional indifference often confused with dissociation; characterized by lack of motivation and feelings of futility, common in schizophrenia and social deprivation, in prisons…. d. Perplexity  Definition: A state of bewilderment or confusion, often occurring in anxiety or emerging psychosis, indicating new psychotic experiences.  often in response to complex or contradictory information.
Inadequacy or Blunting of Affect Incongruity of Affect Smiling and Emotional Expression Lability of Affect  Emotional Lability vs. Affective Incontinence Forced Emotional Expressions Morbid Expressions of Emotion
Morbid Expressions of Emotion 1. Definition of Morbid Expressions of Emotion  Awareness: Patients are unaware of the abnormality in their emotional expressions, which is evident to observers. Inadequacy and incongruity of affect is Characteristics of schizophrenia. 2. Inadequacy or Blunting of Affect It was called ‘parathymia’ by Bleuler-introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler Complete loss of emotional life; indifference to personal and others' well-being..
Cont..... 3. Incongruity of Affect  Misdirection of emotions; inappropriate emotional responses to events (e.g., severe outbursts in response to neutral events).  For example, a person may laugh inappropriately at a sad event, indicating a disconnect between their emotional response and the expected social reaction. This can be seen in various mental health conditions  Emotional Constriction: Patients may display little emotional response, but when expressed, it is appropriate. •Environmental Influence: •Some argue that these emotional responses may be congruous reactions to the distorted environment created by delusions and other psychotic experiences.
Cont..... 4. Smiling and Emotional Expression  Smiling Depressive: Patients may smile outwardly while concealing deep sadness; important for communication but can mask true feelings.  Distinguishing Smiles: Psychiatrists must differentiate between genuine smiles and those that conceal depression, especially when assessing suicide risk.
Cont....... 5. Lability of Affect Rapid & abrupt changes in emotion unrelated to external stimuli; can occur in various conditions, including personality disorders and mixed affective states. I mania organic brain damage following frontal lobe or cerebrovascular accidents ,depression; Example- Happy- crying and then crying –happy in one minute  Emotional Lability vs. Affective Incontinence:  Difficulty controlling emotions versus total loss of control, leading to spontaneous emotional outbursts. For example, those who are very soft hearted may be easily moved to tears. Those with personality disorder of the borderline type may also exhibit lability of affect and describe rapid shifts in mood for little or no reason.
Cont...... 6. Forced Emotional Expressions  Forced Laughing and Weeping: Mismatch between emotional expression and subjective feelings; common in conditions like cerebral atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis.  Cerebral atherosclerosis involves the buildup of accumulation of fatty deposits(plaques ) in the arteries of the brain, leading to reduced blood flow and potential ischemic events.
Cerebral atherosclerosis
Cont....... Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, characterized by inflammation and demyelination. Research suggests a potential link between MS and atherosclerosis, with MS patients possibly facing a higher risk of cardiovascular issues.
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
•Depressive Illness •Definition and Characteristics •Symptoms •Associated features •Types of Morbid Emotion Disorders Morbid Disorders of Emotion
Morbid Disorders of Emotion Definition and Characteristics Pathological States: Morbid disorders of emotion are independent of stressors and do not resolve with their removal. Classification: Included in ICD-10 and DSM-5; depressive illness is the most common example.
Depressive Illness Characterized by a profound and persistent low mood that differs qualitatively from normal grief or sadness. Symptoms: Descriptions include feelings of heaviness, darkness, and morbid thinking, often leading to psychomotor retardation and anhedonia (loss of pleasure)
Symptoms Morbid Sadness: Associated with negative thinking that can reach delusional levels. Psychomotor Retardation: Physical and psychological slowing, leading to difficulty in decision-making and decreased activity. Anhedonia: Inability to experience pleasure from activities that were once enjoyable Inner Unrest and Anxiety: Feelings of emptiness, unreality, and a sense of detachment from the environment. Loss of libido, sleep disturbance, weight loss….
2. Associated Features Diurnal Variation: Mood and symptoms may fluctuate throughout the day, often worsening in the morning. Comorbid Conditions: Morbid anxiety frequently co-occurs with depressive disorders, complicating diagnosis and treatment. Irritability and Apathy: Can be present in both depressive and psychotic states, with patients often feeling shame and guilt over their inability to engage in daily activities
Cont...... 3. Emotional and Cognitive Impairments  Inner Unrest: Patients experience anxiety, loss of confidence, and difficulty concentrating, often preoccupied with negative thoughts.  Somatization: Physical symptoms may be misattributed to physical illness rather than psychiatric causes. 4. Loss of Emotional Resonance  Depersonalization and Derealization: Morbid depression leads to feelings of emptiness and unreality, affecting emotional engagement with the environment.
Cont....... 5. Mood Variability  Diurnal Variation: Symptoms may fluctuate throughout the day, with severe cases leading to depressive stupor.  Differentiation from Schizophrenia: Unlike apathy in schizophrenia, depressed individuals understand their responsibilities but feel unable to act.
6. Co-occurring Conditions  Morbid Anxiety: Often accompanies depression, complicating diagnosis; can manifest as agitation or anxiety in psychotic states.  Irritability: Common in both depression and schizophrenia, may reflect underlying personality traits. . Mania and Hypomania  Symptoms: Characterized by elation, increased activity, and potential irritability; can lead to faulty judgment.  Bipolar Spectrum: Recognition of milder forms of bipolar disorder has led to discussions about the bipolar spectrum and its implications for treatment.
Mania and hypomania Mania and hypomania are characterized by the elation of which is not related to any specific event and is not modified by depressing influences The main symptoms of mania (MANIA TRIAD) A, Heightened mood (either euphoric or irritable) B. Psychomotor activation: Fight of ideas and pressure speech, hyperactivity C, increased energy, decreased need for sleep.
Others symptoms Mania  Racing Thoughts: Rapid speech; jumping ideas.  Impulsivity: Risky behaviors (e.g., spending sprees).  Grandiosity: Inflated self-esteem; unrealistic beliefs.  Distractibility: Difficulty focusing on tasks.  Psychotic Symptoms: Hallucinations or delusions (in severe cases). Hypomania:  Elevated Mood: Cheerful or irritable, but less severe than mania.  Increased Energy: More active than usual, but not extreme.  Racing Thoughts: Faster thoughts, but less chaotic.  Increased Productivity: Enhanced creativity and purposes
Euphoria • Is state of intense happiness and self –confidence. • Unlike mania ,it is not associated with overactivity or flight of ideas. (euphoria linked to the degree of organic brain change , occur in multiple sclerosis , in abuse of opiates) • Frontal lobe damage with euphoria ,often presenting Moria: Refers to a state of foolishness or silliness, which can sometimes be observed in individuals experiencing euphoric episodes
Cont........  Distinction from Ecstasy: Ecstasy is a profound state of well-being, distinct from morbid elation, often linked to spiritual experiences.
Ecstasy • Ecstasy is an exalted state of feeling and is therefore different from the morbid cheerful mood or elation. • It can occur in the healthy population at times of profound religious experience or occasions of deep emotion such as following childbirth. The psychiatrist is interested when this state is abnormal to such a degree that self-neglect or neglect of others is present, or when it is prolonged.
cont........ • Ecstatic States  Extreme well-being associated with feelings of rapture and communion with nature or a higher power.  Context: Can occur in schizophrenia, substance misuse, epilepsy, and mass hysteria, differing from passive phenomena.
Reference 1. Fish, F. J., Casey, P., Casey, P. R., & Kelly, B. (2024). Fish's clinical psychopathology: signs and symptoms in psychiatry. Cambridge University Press. 2. Oyebode, F. (2022). Sims' Symptoms in the Mind: Textbook of Descriptive Psychopathology E-Book: Sims' Symptoms in the Mind: Textbook of Descriptive Psychopathology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 3. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). 4. Beck, A. T., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2011). Cognitive Therapy.
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