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Deontological ethics

This document provides an overview of Immanuel Kant's deontological ethics. It discusses that for Kant, morality is concerned with doing one's duty rather than personal gain. Kant believed there is a single "Categorical Imperative" or universal obligation that forms the basis of moral rules and duties. For an action to have moral worth, it must be done purely out of respect for the moral law as one's duty, not because of personal interests or desires. The Categorical Imperative takes an unconditional form of "Do X" rather than a conditional "If X, then Y" structure like hypothetical imperatives.

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DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS BY IMMANUEL KANT
ABOUT IMMANUEL KANT • He was born in 1724 AD. • He is one of the most influential philosophers in the history of western philosophy. • His nationality was Prussian. • One of his major work: The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals • He has contributed to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. • He died in 1804 AD.
KANT’S DEONTOLOGY • Deontology: Morality is concerned with doing actions that fulfill one’s moral duty, disinterested in personal gain of any kind. (Immanuel Kant, 1724–1804 AD). • Deon means Duty. • According to Kant, morals or ethical duties are understood by reason, which everyone has, founded upon one “Categorical Imperative”. • Categorical Imperative is also known as Universal Obligation. • Morals are universal duties.
WHAT IS GOOD WILL? • In Kant's terms, ”a good will is a will whose decisions are wholly determined by moral demands or, as he often refers to this, by the Moral Law”. • Example: Helping someone in need to feel happy is regarded as not moral according to Kant, if one does it out of respect for the moral law is considered a good will.
WHAT IS DUTY? • Example: Suppose you want to help someone with money just because you love them. • Is this act has moral worth? • Ans: No. • For an action to be morally worthy it has to be done out of respect for the moral law or from a sense of duty.
Does the given action accord with duty? If yes what is the motive? Self interest From inclination From duty only
IMPERATIVES AN IMPERATIVE IS A COMMAND Hypothetical Imperatives: • How we give practical advice • Have a conditional, “If X then Y” structure • Example: If you want a good grade, then you have to study hard. • Such imperatives are grounded in our goals, purposes, or interests There are 2 types of imperatives .
Categorical Imperatives: • How we give moral advice (or how morality commands us) • Have an unconditional, “Do X,” structure • For Kant there is only one categorical imperative (though it has 4 formulations) • This imperative is grounded in our nature as rational beings, not in our goals, purposes, or interests. In Deontology Categorical Imperative is very important.
THREE MAXIMS OF CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES • “Act only according to that maxim [rule] whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law.” • “Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end.” • “Act so that through your maxims you could be a legislator of universal laws” “every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends.”
• CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES AND HUMANITY LAW • CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES AND UNIVERSAL LAW • CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES AND AUTONOMY LAW