cloud ppt 1.pptx

US National Institute of Standards and Technology defines Computing as
“ Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. ”
Cloud Computing
Source: http://www.smallbiztechnology.com/archive/2011/09/wait-what-is-cloud-computing.htm30l/

Essential Characteristics
• On-demand self-service
• A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as
needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
• Broad network access
• Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by
heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).
• Resource pooling
• The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model,
with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer
demand.
4

Cloud Characteristics
• Measured Service
– Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering
capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be
– monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and
consumer of the utilized service.
• Rapid elasticity
– Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to
scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the
capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be
appropriated in any quantity at any time.
5

Common Characteristics
• Massive Scale
• Resilient Computing
• Homogeneity
• Geographic Distribution
• Virtualization
• Service Orientation
• Low Cost Software
• Advanced Security
6

Cloud Services Models

• Software as a Service (SaaS)
The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications
are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email),
or a program interface.
 The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems,
storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration
settings.
 e.g: Google Spread Sheet
• Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)



The capability provided to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources
Consumer can deploy and run arbitrary software
e.g: Amazon Web Services and Flexi scale.
7

Cloud Services Models
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or
acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the
provider.
 The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers,
operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration
settings for the application-hosting environment.
8

Types of Cloud (Deployment Models)
• Private cloud
The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization.
e.g Window Server 'Hyper-V'.
• Community cloud
The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific goal.
• Public cloud
The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public
e.g Google Doc, Spreadsheet,
• Hybrid cloud
The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public)
e.g Cloud Bursting for load balancing between clouds.
10

Cloud and Virtualization
App App App
OS OS OS
Hypervisor
Hardware
• Virtual Workspaces:
– An abstraction of an execution environment that can be made dynamically available to
authorized clients by using well-defined protocols,
– Resource quota (e.g. CPU, memory share),
– Software configuration (e.g. OS).
• Implement on Virtual Machines (VMs):
– Abstraction of a physical host machine,
– Hypervisor intercepts and emulates instructions from VMs, and allows management of VMs,
– VMWare, Xen, KVM etc.
• Provide infrastructure API:
– Plug-ins to hardware/support structures
Virtualized Stack
11

Virtual Machines
• VM technology allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single
physical machine.
Hardware
Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) / Hypervisor
Guest OS
(NetBSD)
VM VM VM
App App
Guest OS
(Windows)
App
App App
Guest OS
(Linux)
Xen
VMWare
• Performance: Para-virtualization (e.g. Xen) is very close to raw physical
performance!
12

Virtualization in General
• Advantages of virtual machines:
– Run operating systems where the physical hardware is unavailable,
– Easier to create new machines, backup machines, etc.,
– Software testing using “clean” installs of operating systems and software,
– Emulate more machines than are physically available,
– Timeshare lightly loaded systems on one host,
– Debug problems (suspend and resume the problem machine),
– Easy migration of virtual machines (shutdown needed or not).
– Run legacy systems
13

Cloud-Sourcing
• Why is it becoming important ?
– Using high-scale/low-cost providers,
– Any time/place access via web browser,
– Rapid scalability; incremental cost and load sharing,
– Can forget need to focus on local IT.
• Concerns:
– Performance, reliability, and SLAs,
– Control of data, and service parameters,
– Application features and choices,
– Interaction between Cloud providers,
– No standard API – mix of SOAP and REST!
– Privacy, security, compliance, trust…
14

Cloud Storage
• Several large Web companies are now exploiting the fact that they have data
storage capacity that can be hired out to others.
– Allows data stored remotely to be temporarily cached on
desktop computers, mobile phones or other Internet-linked
devices.
• Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple Storage Solution (S3) are well
known examples
15

Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Lower computer costs:
– No need of a high-powered and high-priced computer to run cloud computing's
web-based applications.
– Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your desktop PC does not
need the processing power or hard disk space demanded by traditional desktop
software.
– When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be less expensive, with a
smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient processor...
– In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD drive, as no
software programs have to be loaded and no document files need to be saved.
16

• Improved performance:
– With few large programs hogging your computer's memory, you will see better
performance from your PC.
– Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run faster because they have fewer
programs and processes loaded into memory.
• Reduced software costs:
– Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can get most of what you
need for free.
• most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs suite.
– better than paying for similar commercial software
• which alone may be justification for switching to cloud applications.
17

• Instant software updates
– Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer faced with choosing
between obsolete software and high upgrade costs.
– When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically available the next time
you log into the cloud.
– When you access a web-based application, you get the latest version without needing to pay
for or download an upgrade.
• Improved document format compatibility.
– You do not have to worry about the documents you create on your machine being
compatible with other users' applications or OS.
– There are less format incompatibilities when everyone is sharing documents and
applications in the cloud.
18

• Unlimited storage capacity
– Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.
– Your computer's current 1 Tera Bytes hard drive is small compared to the hundreds of Peta
Bytes available in the cloud.
• Increased data reliability
– Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and destroy all your valuable
data, a computer crashing in the cloud should not affect the storage of your data.
• if your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out there in the cloud, still accessible
– In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their data on a regular basis,
cloud computing is a data-safe computing platform. For e.g. Dropbox, Skydrive
19

• Universal information access
– That is not a problem with cloud computing, because you do not take your
documents with you.
– Instead, they stay in the cloud, and you can access them whenever you have a
computer and an Internet connection
– Documents are instantly available from wherever you are.
• Latest version availability
– When you edit a document at home, that edited version is what you see when
you access the document at work.
– The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents as long as you are
connected, you are not in danger of having an outdated version.
20

• Easier group collaboration
– Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
– Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud computing
multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and projects
• Device independence
– You are no longer tethered to a single computer or network.
– Changes to computers, applications and documents follow you through the
cloud.
– Move to a portable device, and your applications and documents are still
available.
21

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Requires a constant internet connection
– Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the Internet.
– Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and documents, if you do not
have an Internet connection you cannot access anything, even your own documents.
– A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where Internet connections are few or
inherently unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker.
• Does not work well with low-speed connections
– Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with dial-up services, makes
cloud computing painful at best and often impossible.
– Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to download, as do large documents.
22

• Features might be limited
– This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based applications simply
are not as full-featured as their desktop-based applications.
• For example, you can do a lot more with Microsoft PowerPoint than with Google
Presentation's web-based offering
• Can be slow
– Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can sometimes be slower than
accessing a similar software program on your desktop PC.
– Everything about the program, from the interface to the current document, has to
be sent back and forth from your computer to the computers in the cloud.
– If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if the Internet is
having a slow day, you would not get the instantaneous access you might expect
from desktop applications.
23

• Stored data might not be secured
– With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
• The questions is How secure is the cloud?
– Can unauthorized users gain access to your confidential data ?
• Stored data can be lost!
– Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated across multiple machines.
– But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no physical or local backup.
• Put simply, relying on the cloud puts you at risk if the cloud lets you down.
24

• HPC Systems
– Not clear that you can run compute-intensive HPC applications that use MPI/OpenMP!
– Scheduling is important with this type of application
• as you want all the VM to be co-located to minimize communication latency!
• General Concerns
– Each cloud systems uses different protocols and different APIs
• may not be possible to run applications between cloud based systems
– Amazon has created its own DB system (not SQL 92), and workflow system (many
popular workflow systems out there)
• so your normal applications will have to be adapted to execute on these platforms.
High performance
system
25

Evolution of Cloud Computing
Business drivers for adopting cloud
computing

Reasons
• The main reason for interest in cloud computing is due to the fact that
public clouds can significantly reduce IT costs.
• From and end user perspective cloud computing gives the illusion of
potentially infinite capacity with ability to scale rapidly and pay only for
the consumed resource.
• In contrast, provisioning for peak capacity is a necessity within private
data centers, leading to a low average utilization of 5-20 percent.
27

IaaS Economics
In house server Cloud server
Purchase Cost $9600 (x86,3QuadCore,12GB
RAM, 300GB HD)
0
Cost/hr (over 3 years) $0.36 $0.68
Cost ratio: Cloud/In house 1.88
Efficiency 40% 80%
Cost/Effective hr $0.90 $0.85
Power and cooling $0.36 0
Management Cost $0.10 $0.01
Total cost/effective hr $1.36 $0.86
Cost ratio: In house/Cloud 1.58
Source: Enterprise Cloud Computing by Gautam Shroff
28

Benefits for the end user while using public cloud
• High utilization
• High scalability
• No separate hardware procurement
• No separate power cost
• No separate IT infrastructure administration/maintenance required
• Public clouds offer user friendly SLA by offering high availability (~99%) and also
provide compensation in case of SLA miss.
• Users can rent the cloud to develop and test prototypes before making major
investments in technology
29

Benefits for the end user while using public cloud
• In order to enhance portability from one public cloud to another, several
organizations such as Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum and Open
Cloud Consortium are coming up with standards for portability.
• For e.g. Amazon EC2 and Eucalyptus share the same API interface.
• Software startups benefit tremendously by renting computing and storage
infrastructure on the cloud instead of buying them as they are uncertain
about their own future.
30

Benefits for Small and Medium Businesses (<250 employees)
Source: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/presskits/telecom/docs/SMBCloud.pdf
31

Benefits of private cloud
• Cost of 1 server with 12 cores and 12 GB RAM is far lower than the
cost of 12 servers having 1 core and 1 GB RAM.
• Confidentiality of data is preserved
• Virtual machines are cheaper than actual machines
• Virtual machines are faster to provision than actual machines
32

Economics of PaaS vs IaaS
• Consider a web application that needs to be available 24X7, but
where the transaction volume is unpredictable and can vary rapidly
• Using an IaaS cloud, a minimal number of servers would need to be
provisioned at all times to ensure availability
• In contrast, merely deploying the application on PaaS cloud costs
nothing. Depending upon the usage, costs are incurred.
• The PaaS cloud scales automatically to successfully handle increased
requests to the web application.
Source: Enterprise Cloud Computing by Gautam Shroff
33

PaaS benefits
• No need for the user to handle scaling and load balancing of
requests among virtual machines
• PaaS clouds also provide web based Integrated Development
Environment for development and deployment of application on
the PaaS cloud.
• Easier to migrate code from development environment to the
actual production environment.
• Hence developers can directly write applications on the cloud and
don’t have to buy separate licenses of IDE.
34

SaaS benefits
• Users subscribe to web services and web applications instead of
buying and licensing software instances.
• For e.g. Google Docs can be used for free, instead of buying
document reading softwares such as Microsoft Word.
• Enterprises can use web based SaaS Content Relationship
Management applications, instead of buying servers and installing
CRM softwares and associated databases on them.
Customer relationship management
35

Benefits, as perceived by the IT industry
36

Factors driving investment in cloud
Source: http://www.cloudtweaks.com/2012/01/infographic-whats-driving-investment-in-cloud-
computing/
37

Factors driving investment in cloud
Source: http://www.cloudtweaks.com/2012/01/infographic-whats-driving-investment-in-cloud-computing/
38

Purpose of cloud computing in organizations
• Providing an IT platform for business processes involving multiple organizations
• Backing up data
• Running CRM, ERP, or supply chain management applications
• Providing personal productivity and collaboration tools to employees
• Developing and testing software
• Storing and archiving large files (e.g., video or audio)
• Analyzing customer or operations data
• Running e-business or e-government web sites
Source: http://askvisory.com/research/key-drivers-of-cloud-computing-activity/
Enterprise resource
planning
39

Purpose of cloud computing in organizations
• Analyzing data for research and development
• Meeting spikes in demand on our web site or internal systems
• Processing and storing applications or other forms
• Running data-intensive batch applications (e.g., data conversion, risk modeling,
graphics rendering)
• Sharing information with the government or regulators
• Providing consumer entertainment, information and communication (e.g., music,
video, photos, social networks)
Source: http://askvisory.com/research/key-drivers-of-cloud-computing-activity/
Put an
end
40

Top cloud applications that are driving cloud adaptation
• Mail and Messaging
• Archiving
• Backup
• Storage
• Security
• Virtual Servers
• CRM (Customer Relationship Management)
• Collaboration across enterprises
• Hosted PBX (Private Branch Exchange)
• Video Conferencing
Source: http://www.itnewsafrica.com/2012/09/ten-drivers-of-cloud-computing-for-south-african-businesses/
41

Cloud Computing Architecture - XaaS
Source: http://www.sei.cmu.edu/library/assets/presentations/Cloud%20Computing%20Architecture%20-%20Gerald%20Kaefer.pdf
4

XaaS Stack views: Customer view vs Provider view
5

Microsoft Azure vs Amazon EC2
6

Architecture for elasticity
7

Service Models (XaaS)
⚫Combination of Service-Oriented Infrastructure (SOI) and cloud
computing realizes to XaaS.
⚫X as a Service (XaaS) is a generalization for cloud-related services
⚫XaaS stands for "anything as a service" or "everything as a service“
⚫XaaS refers to an increasing number of services that are delivered
over the Internet rather than provided locally or on-site
⚫ XaaS is the essence of cloud computing.
8

Source: Cloud Security and Privacy: An Enterprise Perspective on Risks and Compliance by Tim Mather and Subra Kumaraswamy
10

⚫ Most common examples of XaaS are
⚫ Software as a Service (SaaS)
⚫ Platform as a Service (PaaS)
⚫ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
⚫ Other examples of XaaS include
⚫ Business Process as a Service (BPaaS)
⚫ Storage as a service (another SaaS)
⚫ Security as a service (SECaaS)
⚫ Database as a service (DaaS)
⚫ Monitoring/management as a service (MaaS)
⚫ Communications, content and computing as a service (CaaS)
⚫ Identity as a service (IDaaS)
⚫ Backup as a service (BaaS)
⚫ Desktop as a service (DaaS)
11

Requirements of CSP (Cloud Service Provider)
• Increase productivity
• Increase end user satisfaction
• Increase innovation
• Increase agility
12

• Broad network access (cloud) + resource pooling (cloud) +
business-driven infrastructure on-demand (SOI) + service-
orientation (SOI) = XaaS
• Xaas fulfils all the 4 demands!
Source: Understanding the Cloud Computing Stack: PaaS,SaaS,IaaS© Diversity Limited, 2011
13

Classical Service Model
Storage
Servers
Network
O/S
Middleware
Virtualization
Data
Applications
Runtime
Managed
by
user
⚫ All the Layers(H/W, Operating System, Development Tools, Applications) Managed by the
Users
⚫ Initial IT budget and resources.
⚫ Users bears the costs of the hardware, maintenance and technology.
⚫ Each system is designed and funded for a specific business activity: custom build-to-order
⚫ Systems are deployed as a vertical stack of “layers” which are tightly coupled, so no single
part can be easily replaced or changed
⚫ Prevalent of manual operations for provisioning, management
⚫ Result: Legacy IT
Source:Dragan, “XaaSasaModernInfrastructureforeGoverementBusinesModelin theRepublicofCroatia”
ADR MOV
SSN
14

Cloud Services
Source : http://www.opengroup.org/soa/source-book/socci/extend.htm#figure2
6

Cloud service models
Source: http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/epsavola/seminaari/Cloud%20Service%20Models.pdf
7

Simplified description of cloud service models
⚫SaaS applications are designed for end users and are
delivered over the web
⚫PaaS is the set of tools and services designed to make
coding and deploying applications quickly and efficiently
⚫IaaS is the hardware and software that powers it all –
servers, storage, network, operating systems
Source:http://broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/whitepapers/Understanding-the-Cloud-Computing-Stack.pdf
8

Software as a Service
• SaaS is defined as software that is deployed over the internet.
With SaaS, a provider licenses an application to customers
either as a service on demand, through a subscription, in a
“pay-as-you-go” model, or (increasingly) at no charge when
there is opportunity to generate revenue from streams other
than the user, such as from advertisement or user list sales.
Source: http:/ / broadcast.rackspace.com/hosting_knowledge/ whitepapers/Understanding-the-Cloud-Computing-Stack.pdf
10

SaaS characteristics
• Web access to commercial software
• Software is managed from central location
• Software is delivered in a ‘one to many’ model
• Users not required to handle software upgrades and patches
• Application Programming Interfaces (API) allow for integration
between different pieces of software.
11

Applications where SaaS is used
• Applications where there is significant interplay between
organization and outside world. E.g. email newsletter campaign
software
• Applications that have need for web or mobile access. E.g. mobile
sales management software
• Software that is only to be used for a short term need.
• Software where demand spikes significantly. E.g. Tax/Billing
softwares.
• E.g. of SaaS: Sales Force Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
software
Put an
end
12

Applications where SaaS may not be the
best option
• Applications where extremely fast processing of
real time data is needed
• Applications where legislation or other regulation
does not permit data being hosted externally
• Applications where an existing on-premise solution
fulfills all of the organization’s needs
13

Platformas a Service
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) brings the benefits that
SaaS bought for applications, but over to the software
development world. PaaS can be defined as a
computing platform that allows the creation of web
applications quickly and easily and without the
complexity of buying and maintaining the software and
infrastructure underneath it.
• PaaS is analogous to SaaS except that, rather than being
software delivered over the web, it is a platform for the
creation of software, delivered over the web.
14

Characteristics of PaaS
⚫ Services to develop, test, deploy, host and maintain applications in the same
integrated development environment. All the varying services needed to fulfill the
application development process.
⚫ Web based user interface creation tools help to create, modify, test and deploy
different UI scenarios.
⚫ Multi-tenant architecture where multiple concurrent users utilize the same
development application.
⚫ Built in scalability of deployed software including load balancing and failover.
⚫ Integration with web services and databases via common standards.
⚫ Support for development team collaboration – some PaaS solutions include
project planning and communication tools.
⚫ Tools to handle billing and subscription management
15

Scenarios where PaaS is used
⚫PaaS is especially useful in any situation where multiple developers
will be working on a development project or where other external
parties need to interact with the development process
⚫PaaS is useful where developers wish to automate testing and
deployment services.
⚫The popularity of agile software development, a group of software
development methodologies based on iterative and incremental
development, will also increase the uptake of PaaS as it eases the
difficulties around rapid development and iteration of software.
⚫PaaS Examples: Microsoft Azure, Google App Engine
16

Scenarios where PaaS is not ideal
• Where the application needs to be highly portable in terms
of where it is hosted.
• Where proprietary languages or approaches would impact
on the development process
• Where a proprietary language would hinder later moves to
another provider – concerns are raised about vendor lock
in
• Where application performance requires customization of
the underlying hardware and software
17

Infrastructure as a Service
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a way of
delivering Cloud Computing infrastructure –
servers, storage, network and operating systems
– as an on-demand service.
• Rather than purchasing servers, software,
datacenter space or network equipment, clients
instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced
service on demand.
18

Characteristics of IaaS
• Resources are distributed as a service
• Allows for dynamic scaling
• Has a variable cost, utility pricing model
• Generally includes multiple users on a single
piece of hardware
19

Scenarios where IaaS makes sense
⚫Where demand is very volatile – any time there are significant spikes
and troughs in terms of demand on the infrastructure
⚫For new organizations without the capital to invest in hardware
⚫Where the organization is growing rapidly and scaling hardware
would be problematic
⚫Where there is pressure on the organization to limit capital
expenditure and to move to operating expenditure
⚫For specific line of business, trial or temporary infrastructural needs
20

Scenarios where IaaSmay not be the best
option
• Where regulatory compliance makes the
offshoring or outsourcing of data storage and
processing difficult
• Where the highest levels of performance are
required, and on-premise or dedicated hosted
infrastructure has the capacity to meet the
organization’s needs
21

SaaS providers
22

Feature comparison of PaaS providers
23

XaaS
Managed
by
service
provider
Storage
Servers
Network
O/S
Middleware
Virtualization
Data
Applications
Runtime
Managed
by
user
Managed
by
user
Managed
by
service
provider
Storage
Servers
Network
O/S
Middleware
Virtualization
Applications
Runtime
Data
Managed
by
service
provider
Storage
Servers
Network
O/S
Middleware
Virtualization
Applications
Runtime
Data
SaaS IaaS
ADR MOV
S
S
P
N
a
a
S
25

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