INTRODUCTION
The new worldof information society with global networks and
cyberspace will inevitably generate a wide variety of social, political,
and ethical problems.
Many problems related to human relationships and the communities
become apparent, when most human activities are carried on in
cyberspace.
Based on existing literature, several ethical issues such as plagiarism,
hacking, viruses, data access rights, piracy, ergonomics and health
issues amongst others were identified as possible ethical issues
related to IT.
3.
Cont’s…
oPlagiarism =>the useof someone else’s prior ideas, processes,
results, or words without explicitly acknowledging the original
author and source.
oEthical Hacker vs. Hacker
Hacker is someone who uses his knowledge on negative side and
breaks in system, while
An ethical hacker is someone who is doing hacking which is
called penetration testing and hacks into different systems in order
to identify security holes and then inform companies with or
without solutions. It has the duty of catching hackers as well.
4.
Cont’s…
oViruses
A computer virusis a program that executes when an infected
program is executed.
It is capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing
great harm to files or other programs on the same computer. Like
biological viruses, computer viruses can spread quickly and are
often difficult to eradicate.
There are a couple of different types of computer viruses:
• Boot-sector viruses
• Parasitic viruses
• Multi-partite viruses
• Macro viruses
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Cont’s…
oPiracy
Piracy is thetheft of intellectual property and is no more acceptable
than shoplifting.
Software pirates attempt to make several arguments justifying their
actions. Such arguments are software is too expensive and pirates are
just testing it and will buy it if they like it.
oErgonomics
• Ergonomics is the science of designing a job, equipment and/or
workplace to fit the worker.
• The goal is to optimize the "fit" between each worker and his or her
work environment to optimize performance and reduce the risk of
repetitive strain injuries.
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Cont’s…
Today, informationhas become the fuel that pushes business success.
Therefore, Information technology has been defined as the processing
and distribution of data using computer hardware, software,
telecommunications and digital electronics.
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Information Ethics
It dealingabout an ethical agenda associated with the use of IT.
This is because of to aware an Individuals and organizations should
need to be ethically sensitive as they deploy ICT on their operations.
The users should now the benefits and impact of ICT on human
relationships.
In the workplace for instance, new kinds of jobs are being created such
as data miners, web-counselors etc., but these opportunities are also
endangered by problems of unemployment from computer replacing
humans.
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Cont’s…
Information Technology (IT)has a central role in commerce, industry,
government, medicine, education, entertainment and society at
large.
But like any other technologies, IT also has problematic implications,
and some negative impacts on our society.
Some problems related to ethical issues in IT is generalized into three
main types which are:
1. Personal privacy
2. Access right
3. Harmful actions
9.
Cont’s…
In terms ofpersonal privacy, IT enables data exchange of information on a
large scale from anybody, on any locations or parts of the world, at any
times.
In this situation, there is increased potential for disclosing information and
violating the privacy of any individuals and groups of people due to its
widespread disseminations worldwide.
It is our challenge and responsibility to maintain the privacy and integrity
of data regarding individuals.
This also includes taking protections to ensure the accuracy of data, as
well as protecting it from unauthorized access or accidental disclosure to
inappropriate individuals.
10.
Cont’s…
The second aspectof ethical issues in computing systems is access
right.
Due to the current popularity of international commerce on the
Internet, the topic of computer security and access right has moved
quickly from being a low priority for corporations and government
agencies to a high priority.
This is B/C Without implementation of proper computer security
policies and strategies, network connections on the Internet can’t be
made secure from illegal accesses.
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Cont’s…
The third informationethics is harmful action means injury or negative
consequences, such as undesirable loss of information, loss of
property, property damage, or unwanted environmental impacts.
This principle prohibits use of computing technology in ways that
result in harm to any of users, the general public, employees, and
employers.
Harmful actions include intentional destruction or modification of files
and programs leading to serious loss of resources or unnecessary
expenditure of human resources such as the time and effort required to
purge systems from "computer viruses.
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3.2. Theft ofsource code, misrepresentation of authorship /
ownership
In common usage, Theft is the act of taking another person’s property
without that person’s permission or consent with the intent to deprive
the rightful owner of it.
Computer source code is the most important asset of software
companies
Source code is the programming instructions that are compiled into
the executable files that are sold by software development companies.
As expected, most source code thefts take place in software companies
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Authorship/Ownership Misrepresentation
Author isbroadly defined as "the person who originated or gave
existence to anything" and whose authorship determines responsibility
for what was created.
Plagiarism is one of the example of misrepresentations way of
authorship.
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Plagiarism
Plagiarism is theact of copying the works of others, but the author
presents it as his or her own work.
It is often associated with phrases, such as kidnapping of words,
kidnapping of ideas, fraud, and literary theft.
This is a highly unethical practice, but happens quite frequently, and with
all the information that is now available on the Internet it is much easier
to do and is happening more often.
For these reason, plagiarism is a very serious form of ethical misconduct.
Therefore, the concept of plagiarism is universally addressed in all
scholarly, artistic, and scientific disciplines.
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Cont’s…
Plagiarism can takemany forms, but there are two major types in
scholarly writing:
1. Plagiarism of ideas
2. Plagiarism of text
1. Plagiarism of ideas
o Appropriating an idea (e.g., an explanation, a theory, a conclusion, a hypothesis,
a metaphor) in whole or in part, or with superficial modifications without giving
credit to its originator.
o Without Acknowledging the source of our ideas.
o Without putting any footnotes and references.
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Acknowledging the sourceof ideas/text
Guideline1: An ethical writer ALWAYS acknowledges the contributions of others
and the source of his/her ideas.
2. Plagiarism of text
o Copying a portion of text from another source without giving credit to its author
and without enclosing the borrowed text in quotation marks.
o When it comes to using others word-for-word (verbatim) text in our writing the
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universally accepted rule is to enclose that information in quotations and to
indicate the specific source of that text.
o When quoting text from other sources, you must provide a reference citation and
the page number indicating where the text comes from.
Guideline 2: Any verbatim text taken from another author must be
enclosed in quotation marks.
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Let's consider thefollowing variety:
Copying a portion of text from one or more sources, inserting and/or deleting
some of the words, or substituting some words with synonyms, but never giving
credit to its author nor enclosing the verbatim material in quotation marks.
Such types of plagiarism is relatively well known and it is known as patch writing
and para plagiarism.
In Another way, plagiarism of ideas occurs when an author takes a portion of text
from another source, thoroughly paraphrases it, but never gives credit to its author.
Guideline 3: We must always acknowledge every source that we use in our writing;
whether we paraphrase it, summarize it, or enclose it quotations.
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Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Inappropriate paraphrasing
o Taking portions of text from one or more sources, crediting the
author/s, but only changing one or two words or simply rearranging
the order, voice (i.e., active vs. passive) and/or tense of the sentences.
Guideline 4: When we summarize, we condense, in our own words, a
substantial amount of material into a short paragraph or perhaps even into
a sentence.
In another hands, and for a variety of reasons, we may wish to restate in
detail and in our own words a certain portion of another author`s writing.
In this case, we must rely on the process of paraphrasing.
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Cont’s…
Unlike a summary,which results in a substantially shorter textual product, a
paraphrase usually results in writing of equivalent textual length as the
original, but, of course, with a different words and, ideally, different
sentence structure.
Whether paraphrasing or summarizing others work, we must always
provide proper credit.
Guideline 5: Whether we are paraphrasing or summarizing we must always
identify the source of our information.
Guideline 6: When paraphrasing and/or summarizing others` work we
must reproduce the exact meaning of the other author`s ideas or facts using
our words and sentence structure.
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Cont’s…
Guideline 7: Inorder to make substantial modifications to the original
text that result in a proper paraphrase, the author must have a thorough
understanding of the ideas and terminology being used.
Guideline 8: A responsible writer has an ethical responsibility to
readers, and to the author/s from whom s/he is borrowing, to respect
others ideas and words, to credit those from whom we borrow, and
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whenever possible, to use one`s own words when paraphrasing.
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Cont’s…
Guideline 9: Whenin doubt as to whether a concept or fact is
common knowledge, provide a citation.
Guideline 10: Authors who submit a manuscript for publication
containing data, reviews, conclusions, etc., that have already been
disseminated in some significant manner (e.g., published as an article
in another journal, presented at a conference, posted on the internet)
must clearly indicate to the editors and readers the nature of the
previous dissemination.
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Theft of operatingsoftware (license avoidance, illegal duplication)
Software Theft
oUnauthorized duplication and/or use of computer software.
o This usually means unauthorized copying, either by individuals for
use by themselves or their friends or by companies who then sell
the illegal copies to users.
Software Piracy
oThe unauthorized copying, reproduction, use, or manufacture of
software products.
23.
Denial of Access
Denial-of-serviceattack, a type of attack on network that is designed
to bring the network to its knees by flooding it with useless traffic.
24.
Cont’s…
For all knownDoS attacks, there are software fixes that system
administrator can install to limit the damage caused by the attacks.
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Illegal Entry Methods
Anexploit is the use of software, data, or commands to “exploit” a
weakness in a computer system or program to carry out some form of
malicious intent, such as a denial-of-service attack, Trojan horses,
worms or viruses.
The weakness in the system can be a infection, an anomaly or simply
design vulnerability
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Misrepresentation of Identification
Misrepresentationof Identification
Fraud is defined as an illegal criminal act that consists of the alleged
purposeful misleading of a victim in a harmful fashion; the motives
that may exist within a fraud charge may be facilitated by the intention
of gain through dishonesty.
The term ‘fraud’ commonly includes activities such as theft,
corruption, conspiracy, misappropriation, money laundering, bribery
and extortion.
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Cyber Terrorism
oIt canbe defined as the intentional use of computers, networks,
and public internet to cause destruction and harm for personal
objectives.
oExperienced cyberterrorists, who are very skilled in terms of
hacking can cause massive damage to
ogovernment systems,
ohospital records, and
onational security programs, which might leave a country,
community or organization in turmoil and in fear of
further attacks.
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Cont’s…
Disruption/Defenses
According to theU.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, cyber
terrorism is any premeditated, politically motivated attack against
information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which
results in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national
groups or secret agents.
Internet Disruption Types
Congestion
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Cont’s…
Service Provider InternetSpeed Fluctuates
Failed Link to Provider
Equipment Failure
Operator Error
Duplicating IP addresses, plugging wires into the wrong jack, and setting bad
firewall rules are the leading operator errors reported.
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Websites, e-commerce andData
User Permission
The e-commerce settings determine how a user can interact with
the features required.
Online Shopping
Permissions to control the ability to view, add, edit and delete
product records as well as to manage specific product functions.
Permissions to control the ability to view, add, edit and delete
order forms.
