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Ch 6b 2nd law

This document discusses reversible and irreversible processes in thermodynamics. It begins by defining reversible processes as processes that can reverse themselves without leaving a trace on the system or surroundings. Reversible processes are idealized and can never be achieved exactly in reality. The Carnot cycle is then introduced as an ideal reversible thermodynamic cycle composed of four processes: two reversible isothermal processes and two reversible adiabatic processes. The Carnot cycle establishes the maximum possible efficiency between two temperature reservoirs. Real engines are always less efficient than the Carnot reversible engine due to irreversible losses. The document provides examples comparing real and reversible processes.

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6.4. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 1
2 Reversible Processes  The second law of thermodynamics state that no heat engine can have an efficiency of 100%.  Then one may ask, what is the highest efficiency that a heat engine can possibly have.  Before we answer this question, we need to define an idealized process first, which is called the reversible process.  The processes discussed earlier occurred in a certain direction. They can not reverse themselves irreversible processes.
3 Reversible Processes  A reversible process is defined as a process that can be reversed without leaving any trace on either system or surroundings.  This is possible if the net of heat and net work exchange between the system and the surrounding is zero for the combined process (original and reverse). Quasi- equilibrium expansion or compression of a gas
4  Reversible processes actually do not occur in nature.  They are simply idealization of actual processes.  Reversible processes can never be achieved.  You may be wondering, then, why we are bothering with such fictitious processes: 1. Easy to analyze 2. Serve as idealized model
5  Engineers are interested in reversible processes because: when Reversible processes are approximated instead of the Actual ones 1. Work-producing devices such as car engine and gas or steam turbine deliver the most work, and 2. Work-consuming devices such as compressors, fan, and pumps consume the least work.
6  Reversible processes can be viewed as theoretical limits for the corresponding not reversible ones.  We may never be able to have a reversible process, but we may certainly approach it.  The more closely we approximate a reversible process, the more work delivered by a work- producing device or the less work required by a work-consuming device.  Processes that are not reversible are called Irreversible processes.
7  Reversible processes  Ideal processes  Irreversible processes  Actual processes
8 6.5. Carnot Cycle
9  Cycles that are composed of reversible processes will give the maximum net work and consumes the minimum work.  One of these cycles is the Carnot Cycle.  Named for French engineer Nicolas Sadi Carnot (1769-1832)  It is composed of four processes as follows:
10 Process 1-2: A reversible isothermal expansion  The gas is allowed to expand isothermally by receiving heat ( QH) from a hot reservoir.
11 Process 2-3: A reversible adiabatic expansion The cylinder now is insulated and the gas is allowed to expand adiabatically and thus doing work on the surrounding. The gas temperature decreases from TH to TL.
12 Process 3-4: A reversible isothermal compression The insulation is removed and the gas is compressed isothermally by rejecting heat (QL) to a cold reservoir.
13 Process 4-1: A reversible adiabatic compression  The cylinder is insulated again and the gas is compressed adiabatically to state 1, raising its temperature from TL to TH
14 Net work done by Carnot cycle is the area enclosed by all process The Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle operation between two specified temperatures limits.
15 Carnot cycle can be executed in many different ways
16 Reversed Carnot Cycle Process 2-3: The gas expands isothermally at TL while receiving QL from the cold reservoir. Process 3-4: The gas is compressed adiabatically raising its temperature to TH. Process 4-1: The gas is compressed isothermally by rejecting QH to the hot reservoir. Process 1-2: The gas expands adiabatically (throttling valve) reducing its temp from TH to TL.
17 Reversed Carnot Cycle
18 Carnot principles 1. No heat engine is more efficient than a reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs. 2. The thermal efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs are the same. Low temperature reservoir at TL
19 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale A temperature scale that is independent of the properties of the substances that are used to measure temperature is called a thermodynamic temperature scale. That is the Kelvin scale, and the temperatures on this scale are called absolute temperatures. L H revL H T T Q Q       cyclesreversibleForThe second Carnot principle state that the thermal efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two reservoirs are the same. hth, rev = f (TH,TL)
20 Efficiency of a Carnot Engine  For a reversible cycle the amount of heat transferred is proportional to the temperature of the reservoir. H L rev Q Q 1h H L T T 1 Only true for the reversible case
21 COP of a Reversible Heat Pump and a Reversible Refrigerator HL revHP QQ COP   1 1 , HL TT  1 1 1 1 ,   LH revR QQ COP 1 1   LH TT Only true for the reversible case
22 How do Reversible Carnot Heat Engine compare with real engines?         engineheatimpossible engineheatreversible engineheatleirreversib rev,th rev,th rev,th th h h h h thermal h thh         engineheatimpossible engineheatreversible engineheatleirreversib rev,th rev,th rev,th th h h h h
23         orrefrigeratimpossibleCOP orrefrigeratreversibleCOP orrefrigeratleirreversibCOP COP rev,R rev,R rev,R R 1 1   L H R Q Q COP 1 1   L H rev,R T T ,COP COP of Carnot Refrigerator How do Carnot Refrigerator compare with real Refrigerator? COP of Refrigerator
24 COP of Carnot Heat PumpCOP of real Heat Pump H L HP Q Q COP   1 1 H L rev,HP T T COP   1 1         PumpHeatimpossibleCOP PumpHeatreversibleCOP PumpHeatleirreversibCOP COP rev,HP rev,HP rev,HP HP How do Carnot Heat Pump compare with real one?
25 How to increase the efficiency of a real heat engine? H L rev,th H L th T T Q Q   1 1 h h 1- Increase TH but you are limited with melting temperature of the engine material. 2- Decrease TL but you are limited with your environment.
6.6. Equivalence of Ideal-Gas and Thermodynamic Temperature Scales Lecture Notes 26
27 Example (5-8): Heating a House by a Carnot Heat Pump A heat pump is to be used to heat a house during the winter, as shown in the figure at right. The house is to be maintained at 21oC at all times. The house is estimated to be losing heat at a rate of 135,000 kJ/h when the outside temperature drops to - 5oC. Determine the minimum power required to drive this heat pump. Sol:
28 Example (1)
29 Example (2)