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C++ notes.pdf BASIC C++ NOTES FOR BEGGINERS

This document provides a comprehensive introduction to C++ programming, covering fundamental concepts such as syntax, data types, operators, control statements, and functions. It includes detailed explanations of variable naming conventions, compiler vs interpreter differences, and practical coding examples for various program structures. Additionally, the document emphasizes the importance of modular programming through function usage, including default parameters and inline functions.

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Tutorials For Beginners
Introduction to programming languages 2 ● computer program ● Programming ● Programmer ● Source Code (Code) ● Hardware ● Program Execution ● Machine Language ● Assembly Language ● High Level Language
3 High Level Language Assembly Language Machine Language
4 Compiler VS Interpreter
5 Compiler Interpreter
6 Compiler VS Interpreter Compiler ● Scans whole program at one go ● Errors are shown at the end ● Compilation is slow ● Execution is fast ● Generates an intermediate code ● C,C++ Interpreter ● Translate one statement at a time(line by line) ● Errors are shown line by line ● Translation is done fast ● Execution is slow ● Execute the program without intermediate code ● Python,Javascript
7 To Run C/C++ program we need : C/C++ Compiler and VS code setup ● Text Editor (VS code) ● C++ compiler (GCC compiler) ● C/C++ - VS code extension ● Code Runner - VS code extension Extra Setup:
8 How to run C/C++ program in mobile ?
Basic Structure Of C++ Program
10 INPUT/OUTPUT In C++ ● CIN and COUT ● Extraction >> and insertion << operator ● endl vs n ● Code Runner(Extension) issue with CIN
Comments in C++ 11 ● SIngle Line Comment -// ● Multiline Comment - /* */
12 Variables & Data Types in C++
13 Rules for naming a variable ● Variable names in C++ can range from 1 to 255 characters. ● All variable names must begin with a letter of the alphabet or an underscore(_). ● After the first initial letter, variable names can also contain letters and numbers. ● Variable names are case sensitive. ● No spaces or special characters are allowed. ● You cannot use a C++ keyword (a reserved word) as a variable name.
14
Modifiers in C++ 15
16 Data Type Size Value Range int 4 Bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647 char 1 Bytes -127 to 127 or 0 to 255 float 4 Bytes - 3.4E38 to 3.4E38 double 8 Byte - 1.7E308 to 1.7E + 308 bool 1 Byte
Modifiers in c++ 17 ● Signed ● unsigned ● short ● long
18 Data Type Size Value Range int 4 Bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647 Unsigned int 4 Bytes 0 to 4294967295 signed int 4 Bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647 Sort int 2 Bytes -32768 to 32767 long int 8 Bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 char 1 Bytes -127 to 127 or 0 to 255 Unsigned char 1 Bytes 0 to 255 Signed char 1 Byte -127 to 127 float 4 Bytes - 3.4E38 to 3.4E38 double 8 Byte - 1.7E308 to 1.7E + 308 long double 12 Bytes - 3.4E4932 to 1.1E + 4932 bool 1 Byte
Scope of Variables in C++ ● Local Variables ● Global Variables
Constant Variables ● A const variable must be assigned a value at the time of its declaration. ● If we declare a variable as const, we cannot change its value. ● Once initialized, if we try to change its value, then we will get compilation error. 20
Manipulators in c++ 21 Manipulator Purpose Header File endl causes line feed to be inserted i.e. ‘n’ iostream.h dec,oct,hex set the desired number system iostream.h setbase (b) output integers in base b iomanip.h setw(w) read or write values to w characters iomanip.h setfill (c) fills the whitespace with character c iomanip.h setprecision(n) set floating point precision to n iomanip.h
Operators in C++ 1. Arithmetic Operators 2. Relational Operators 3. Logical Operators 4. Assignment Operators 5. Bitwise Operators 6. Other Operators 22
Operators in C++ 23
24 Arithmetic Operators Operator Description Example + Adds two operands A+B=30 - Subtracts second operand from the first A-B=10 * Multiplies both operands A*B=200 / Divides numerator by de-numerator A/B=2 % Modulus operator – the result is the remainder of the division A%B=0 ++ Increment operator, increases integer value by one A++ will give 21 -- Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one B-- will give 9 Assume A=20 and B=10
25 Relational Operators Operator Description Example == Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. (A == B) = false != Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not. (A != B) = true > Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand (A>B) = true < Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, (A<B) = false >= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand (A>=B) = true <= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand (A<=B) = false Assume A=20 and B=10
26 Logical Operators Operator Description Example && Logical AND. True only if all the operands are true. (A>10 && B>20) = false || Logical OR. True if at least one of the operands is true. (A>10 || B>20) = true ! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make false. !(A>10) = false Assume A=20 and B=10
27 Logical Operators A B A && B A|| B !A false false false false true false true false true true true false false true false true true true true false
28 Assignment Operators Operator Description Example = Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand. A =5 += It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand A +=5 same as A=A+5 -= It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand. A-=5 same as A=A-5 *= It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand. A*=5 same as A=A*5 /= It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand. A/=5 same as A=A/5 %= It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand. A%=5 same as A=A%5
29 Bitwise Operators A B A&B A|B A^B ~A 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
30 Bitwise Operators Operator Description Example & Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. (A & B) = 1 (00000001) | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. (A | B) = 3 (00000011) ^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. (A ^ B) = 2 (00000010) ~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. !A=!3= -4 (11111100) << Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. A<<1 = 6 (00000110) >> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. A>>1 = 1 (00000001) A=3 (0000 0011 ) and B=1 (0000 0001)
31 Other Operators Operator Description Example sizeof Returns the size of variable sizeof(int) =4 Condition ? x:y If condition is true then it returns value of X otherwise returns value of Y Int y=20; int x= (y < 10) ? 30 : 40; cast Convert one data type to other int(2.2000) = 2 , causes a sequence of operations to be performed. The value of the entire comma expression is the value of the last expression of the comma-separated list. Int j=1; int i= (j++, j+10, j+20); & Returns the address of a variable * Is pointer to a variable
32 Operators Precedence and Associativity Category Operator Associativity Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Left to right Multiplicative * / % Left to right Additive + - Left to right Shift << >> Left to right Relational < <= > >= Left to right Equality == != Left to right Bitwise AND & Left to right
33 Operators Precedence and Associativity Category Operator Associativity Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right Bitwise OR | Left to right Logical AND && Left to right Logical OR || Left to right Conditional ?: Right to left Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left Comma , Left to right
Increment (++) and decrement (--) 34 1. The increment operator ++ increases the value of a variable by 1 2. Similarly, the decrement operator -- decreases the value of a variable by 1 3. Increment and decrement operators can be used only with variables. They can't be used with constants or expressions. Eg. x=5,y=6; x++; // valid 5++; // invalid (x+y)++; // invalid
Types of Increment ++ operator 35 Increment ++ Post-increment Eg. a++ Pre-increment Eg. ++a 1. In pre-increment first increment the value of variable and then used inside the expression (initialize into another variable). 2. In post-increment first value of variable is use in the expression (initialize into another variable) and then increment the value of variable.
Types of decrement -- operator 36 decrement -- Post-decrement Eg. a-- Pre-decrement Eg. --a 1. In pre-decrement first decrement the value of variable and then used inside the expression (initialize into another variable). 2. In post-decrement first value of variable is use in the expression (initialize into another variable) and then decrement the value of variable.
37 ● If-else ● Switch ● For Loop ● While loop ● Do-While Loop ● Break /Continue ● Goto Control Statement
38 ● If statement ● If...else statement ● If…else if…else statement ● Nested if statement If-else
39 ● Write a C++ program to accept two integers and check whether they are equal or not. ● Write a C++ program to accept a integer and check whether number is even or odd. ● Write a C++ program to accept a integer and check whether number is positive,negative or zero. ● Write a program in C++ to read any day number in integer and display day name in the word. ● Write a C++ program to accept two integers and find maximum between two numbers. If-else practice questions :
40 switch-case
41 Switch-case practice questions : ● Write a C++ program to print day of week name using switch case. ● Write a C++ program print total number of days in a month using switch case. ● Write a C++ program to accept a integer and check whether number is positive,negative or zero using switch case. ● Write a program in C++ to read any day number in integer and display day name in the word using switch case.
42 Loops in C++ : ● For loop ● While loop ● Do-while loop
43 For loop : Syntax : for(initialization;condition;increment){ // your code } Example: for(int i=0;i<5;i++){ cout<<i<<”n”; }
44 While loop : Syntax : while(condition){ // your code } Example: int i=0; while(i<10){ cout<<i<<”n”; i++; }
45 do-while loop : Syntax : do{ // your code }while(condition) Example: int i=0; do{ cout<<i<<”n”; i++; }while(i<10)
46 Loop practice questions : ● Write a program in C++ to find the first 10 natural numbers ○ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ● Write a program in C++ to print a square pattern with # character. ● Write a program in C++ to find the factorial of a number. ● Write a program in C++ to display the pattern like right angle triangle using an asterisk.
47 Loop practice questions : ● Write a program in C++ to display the pattern like right angle triangle using an asterisk. ● Write a program in C++ to make such a pattern like a pyramid with an asterisk.
48 Break ● In C++, the break statement terminates the loop when it is encountered.
49 Continue ● In C++, the continue is used to skip the current iteration of the loop and the control of the program goes to the next iteration
C++ Functions 50
C++ Functions 51 ● A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. ● Functions help us in reducing code redundancy. ● If functionality is performed at multiple places in software, then rather than writing the same code, again and again, we create a function and call it everywhere. ● This also helps in maintenance as we have to change at one place if we make future changes to the functionality.
C++ Functions 52 ● There are two types of function: ○ Library Functions (Built in functions) ○ User defined functions ● Function declaration returnType functionName (parameter1, parameter2,...) { // function body }
Function Prototype 53 ● The code of function declaration should be before the function call. ● However, if we want to define a function after the function call, we need to use the function prototype. ● Function prototype is a declaration statement. type function-name (arguments-list); Eg. int sum(int num1,int num2); OR int sum(int,int); // Variable name is optional
Default Parameters 54 ● In C++, we can provide default values for function parameters. ● In this case, when we invoke the function, we don’t specify parameters. ● Instead, the function takes the default parameters that are provided in the prototype. ● Note that while providing default parameters, we always start from the right-most parameter. Also, we cannot skip a parameter in between and provide a default value for the next parameter. ● Eg. Void add(int x, int y, int z = 0) Default parameter
Const Parameters 55 ● We can pass constant parameters to functions using the ‘const’ keyword. ● When a parameter or reference is const, it cannot be changed inside the function. Void add(const x, const y) Const parameter
Inline Functions 56 ● When we make a function call, internally it involves a compiler storing the state of the program on a stack before passing control to the function. ● When the function returns, the compiler has to retrieve the program state back and continue from where it left. ● This poses an overhead. Hence, in C++ whenever we have a function consisting of few statements, there is a facility that allows it to expand inline. ● This is done by making a function inline. So inline functions are the functions that are expanded at runtime, saving the efforts to call the function and do the stack modifications.
Inline Functions 57 ● But even if we make a function as inline, the compiler does not guarantee that it will be expanded at runtime. ● In other words, it’s completely dependent on the compiler to make the function inline or not. ● Eg. inline int addition(const int a,const int b)