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biochemistry for nurses and health care p0roffu

The document provides an introduction to biochemistry, highlighting its principles and relevance to medicine, focusing on key biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It emphasizes the importance of understanding these molecules in nursing for patient care, lab testing, and medication administration. Additionally, the connection between biochemistry and everyday nursing scenarios is illustrated through practical examples like blood glucose monitoring and medication interactions.

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Introduction to Biochemistry 1
2 Objective • Understand the basic principles of biochemistry, its relevance to medicine, and the foundational biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
3 Understanding Biochemistry as a Science • Biochemistry Defined: Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms. • Scope of Biochemistry: Focuses on understanding the molecular basis of life. Involves studying molecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. • Interdisciplinary Nature: • Combines biology and chemistry to explain how life functions at a molecular level
4 Explanation of "Molecular Basis" • "Think of the human body as a building. Just like a building is made up of small bricks, your body is made up of tiny molecules. • The 'molecular basis' refers to these basic building blocks and how they work together to keep your body functioning."
5 Connect to Everyday Nursing Scenarios: • Example 1: Blood Glucose Levels: "When you check a patient's blood sugar level, you're measuring the amount of glucose (a molecule) in their blood. Understanding the 'molecular basis' of glucose helps you know why insulin is needed to help cells use this glucose for energy.“ • Example 2: Medication: "When you give a patient medication, that drug interacts with specific molecules in the body, such as proteins or enzymes, to produce its effect. Knowing the 'molecular basis' of how the drug works helps you understand why it treats certain conditions
01 SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF BIO-CHEMISTRY IN NURSING 6
• Bio-chemistry is the study of chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms . it includes the study of chemistry behind biological processes and the synthesis of biologically active molecules. • SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF BIO- CHEMISTRY IN NURSING • A review of the application of biochemistry in nursing needs to mention of many therapeutic agents whose existence was first demonstrated on lab experiments e.g hormone insulin , all the vitamins and many other products of therapeutic significant .
• If an infants is always vomiting after giving milk ,she or he probably has galactose intolerance. • If an infant is born with jaundice, her or his liver is not fully funtional . • When colour of infants urine turns dark ,probably he/she suffers from an amino acid metabolic disorder. • Understanding the molecular basis of metabolism through biochemistry helps explain how diet and lifestyle choices influence body weight, energy levels, and overall health, demonstrating the importance of biochemical processes in conditions like obesity and fitness."
9 • Molecular Basis in Nursing: • Biochemistry helps you understand the molecules and processes that make up the human body. • This knowledge is crucial in your everyday nursing activities like: • Patient Care: Understanding how treatments affect the body at a molecular level. • Lab Tests: Interpreting results such as blood glucose levels, enzyme activity, and lipid profiles. • Medication Administration: Knowing how drugs interact with the body to improve patient outcomes. • Why It Matters: • Biochemistry connects directly to your role as a nurse by helping you make informed decisions that affect patient health and recovery.
02 Overview of Biomolecules 10
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION… We will be repeating these ALL year! Yesterday: Atoms  Molecules  Macromolecules… Today we will dig into the four macromolecules that are essential for life to exist.
What are the 4 biomolecules? • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD… THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE! THE BIOMOLECULES SERVE TO KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.
#1: CARBOHYDRATES ARE SUGARS! We get 4 kilocalories per gram of carb that we eat!
What are Carbohydrates?  Most common organic molecule  Function: Primary energy source our body needs  Elements present: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio)  Monomer (building block): Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common)  Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin)  Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits, Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!) IMPORTANT!
Sugars that make up Carbs  Single sugar: monosaccharide  Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits)  2 monosaccharides: disaccharide  Ex: maltose, sucrose  3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide  Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin I am a polysaccharide!
Types of polysaccharides  Starch:  Used for energy storage in plants  Potatoes, pasta and rice are starches  They provide a quick form of energy for the body • Glycogen: • Used for energy storage in animals I am formed in the Liver!
More Polysaccharides • Cellulose: • Provides structural support in plants (found in the cell wall) • Chitin: • Found in exoskeletens of arthropods (insects, spiders) • Found in cell wall of some fungi GIVES US FIBER!!!
Structure of Carbohydrates • Remember: Elements are C, H, and O • Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always)
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#2: LIPIDS ARE FATS We get 9 kcals per gram Of fat that we consume.
Lipids  Function: Store energy, Insulates your body, and make up the cell membrane!  Elements: C-H-O  Monomer (Building blocks): glycerol & 3 fatty acids  Polymer: Phospholipids, triglycerides  Example: Steroids, cholesterol, fats, Oils, Nuts, Waxes, and make up part of the cell membrane!
Lipids • Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water! • Lipids can be: • Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds. • Solid at room temperature • Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard) • Unsaturated: There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present. • Liquid at room temperature • Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily fish (Tuna, Sardines) Important!
Lipid Structure  Remember: Elements present are C, H, O  Long strands of Carbon and Hydrogen Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats CALLED HYDROCARBONS!
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#3: PROTEINS BUILD US We get 4 kcals per gram Of protein that we consume.
Proteins • Function of proteins • Transport molecules in and out of the cell • Control the speed of chemical reactions • Used for growth and repair Proteins make up the structure of living things… Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle, etc are all built by protein!
Proteins  Elements: C-H-O-N  Monomer (Building Block): amino acids (20 different ones!)  Polymer: proteins (tons)  Examples of proteins: hemoglobin in red blood cells, albumin in eggs, enzymes that control reactions in the body, and antibodies  Found in: fish, eggs, meat NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!
Protein Structure  Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N  “R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino Acids! (so, each amino acid has something different in that spot)
Why are amino acids important? • When groups of amino acids are joined together a protein is formed • There are 20 kinds of amino acids • They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group NH2 • Peptide bonds form between amino acids (polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)
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#4: NUCLEICACIDS These biomolecules are not necessarily from food
Nucleic acids • Function: • Provide our genetic information • Holds the instructions to make proteins. • Elements: C-H-O-N-P • Monomer : nucleotides • A nucleotide is made up of: • Sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U • Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP Genetic code! Recipe for proteins Energy carrier
Structure of Nucleic Acid
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36 Learning Resources
Thank You 37