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Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Brain

The document outlines the five elements of a reflex arc and examples of reflex actions, distinguishing between reflex and voluntary reactions. It details the main structures of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, and brain stem, along with their functions. Additionally, it discusses the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and treatments for meningitis.

Health & Medicine◦
1. List and describe the 5 elements of a reflex arc. 2. List an example of a reflex. 3. What is the difference between a reflex and a voluntary reaction?
1. Cerebral Hemispheres 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain stem 4. Cerebellum
 L & R hemispheres  Corpus callosum: large fiber tract; connects 2 hemispheres  Lobes: major regions (named for cranial bones)  ParietalParietal, frontalfrontal, occipitaloccipital, temporaltemporal  Gyri (gyrus) = elevated ridges of tissue  Sulci (sulcus) = shallow grooves  Fissures = deeper grooves, separate large regions of brain  Motor & sensory function: opposite hemispheres
 Grey matter  “Executive suite”  conscious mind
3 main structures: 1. Thalamus: relay station for incoming info 2. Hypothalamus: A. Autonomic control center (heart rate, BP, digestion) B. Emotional response (limbic system) C. Body temperature regulation D. Regulate food intake E. Sleep-wake cycles F. Control endocrine system  pituitary gland at base 3. Epithalamus: pineal gland (sleep-wake cycle)
 Programmed, automatic behaviors for survival  3 regions: 1. Midbrain: vision, hearing, reflex 2. Pons: breathing 3. Medulla oblongata: heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing
 Balance, equilibrium, timing of skeletal muscle activity
 Meninges: connective tissue covering CNS structures  Dura mater (leathery outer), arachnoid mater (web-like middle), pia mater (surface of brain)  Meningitis: inflammation of meninges; bacterial or viral infection  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): watery cushion to protect NS from trauma  Lumbar (spinal) tap – test for infection, tumors, multiple sclerosis
 Bacterial  antibiotics  Herpes meningitis  antiviral meds  IV fluids  Prevention: vaccines for bacterial infections (HiB)
NO:  Urea  Toxins  Proteins  White blood cells  Bacteria  Most drugs YES:  Water  Glucose  Amino acids  Gases  Fat-soluble substances  Some drugs: anesthetics, alcohol, nicotine