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Past and Present
Amrit Sharma
FOA,AFU
Rampur, Chitwan
 Agricultural extension is the application of
scientific research and new knowledge
to agricultural practices
through farmer education.The field of
'extension' now encompasses a wider range of
communication and learning activities organized
for rural people by educators from different
disciplines, including agriculture, agricultural
marketing, health, and business studies.
 Source :wiki
1. ConventionalAg Extension Approach
2. Training andVisit System
3. Integrated Agriculture/ Rural Development
Approach
4. Tuki system
5. Farming system, Research and Extension
Approach(FSR/E)
6. Block Production Program Approach
1. Commodity Group Approach
2. Pocket PackageApproach
3. Projectization Approach
4. Contract and Partnership Approach
5. Farmers Field School- FFS
1. Conventional Ag Extension
Approach
- Oldest in Nepal
- 2016/17 B.S
-Trickle down approach of diffusion theory
2.Training andVisit System
- Dr. Daniel Benor
- World Bank
- 2032 (1975)
- Second Phase: 2042
- Districts: 19 terai/ 4 hills
- Subject matter specialist (SMS), contact
farmer
3. Integrated Agriculture/ Rural
Development Approach
- World bank
- 2033 (1975/6) : Rasuwa, Nuwakot
- Challenging due to lack of coordination
among different bodies
- More oriented towards infrastructure
development
4.Tuki system
- 1977
- Swiss grant
- Integrated Hill Development Project (IHDP)
- Dolakha and Sindhupalchowk (First)
- Tuki: leading volunteer of society/ village for
the development
- Tuki: model farmer, has demonstration farm
5. Farming system, Research and
Extension Approach(FSR/E)
- 1984/85
- British grant
- Inspired by: ICP (Integrated Cereal Project)
- First: Lumle, Pakhribas
- Subject specific divisions were formed
- Research at local farm (farmer’s level)
6. Block Production Program Approach
- US grant
- 2038 B.S. (1981/82)
- Pilot program (Bara, Parsa, Chitwan: 510 ha)
- Later: 28 districts (1 lakh 10 thousands ha)
- Target: Increase yield by Improved cropping
pattern technology, Model impact production
block establishment
- Demanding huge Manpower, Financial, Physical
resources
1. Commodity Group Approach of Agri-
extension
- Participatory approach, self made, self
implemented
- 2045, Pilot districts (Morang, Chitwan,Tanahaun)
as Problem identification and solution technique
(PIST)
- Now in all the districts; considerably successful
- Target: Efficient utilization of limited resources
- Bottom up planning
- Demonstration effect from special groups (crop)
- Focal point: Farmers
- Technology dissemination at faster rate
- Saves time and money
- Limited extension workers can connect with
many farmers (rapid relay of message)
- Increases the involvement of small scale
farmers and women farmers
- Useful in figuring real demand thereby easing
supply
- Easy to manage markets and trainings in
group
2. Farmers Field School
- Concept: Indonesia (1989), IPM on Paddy
- In Nepal: FAO (1977) asTechnical cooperation
program (TCP), Chitwan
- Search based learning and experienced based
activities
- Experiment trials, group analysis
- Group: 25-30 farmers; teaching at field
- Target: making them problem solver
- Less use of pesticides, improvement in human
health and environment, gender and social
inclusiveness
3. Contract and partnership approach
- Contract agreement based (between government
agency and I/NGO’s
- Transparency is the key
- Common goals, objectives, wish : partners
- Target: increase production by utilizing limited
resources
- Mutual respect, determined, flexible and simple
directive
- Supply driven rather than demand driven
- Target oriented and less public participation
- I/NGO’s become more responsible towards donors
than target group, they have small coverage
4. Pocket package approach
- Based on special sector of production
- Commodity selection: based on climate and
other production factors
- Project design: Bottom-up approach
- Supplies tech and other equipments as per
the package demand
- Helps in fixing price of commodity and makes
farmers more business oriented
5. Projectization approach
- Project design: based on production of
commodity
- Project framework includes: time, duration,
budget, expected results
- All the plans and strategies are written in
details
- Has been practiced in all 75 districts of Nepal
 Extension programs in Nepal aren’t strong
and effective; extension service is available to
only 55% of cultivated land
 Hasn’t reached to all levels
 Unable to maintain sustainability
 One approach couldn’t be adopted
Nationwide
 Diverse geography and climate in Nepal
 Availability of technicians and trainings
 Education and awareness among farmers
 Linkage between extension and farmers
 Coordination between government bodies
concerned with agriculture
 Provision of feedback
 Policies reformation (bottom-up approach)
 Foreign grants won’t foster national
development
 Increases foreign interference
 Should increase FDI
 Plans and policies should be adopted as per
the status of country (more pragmatic)
 A review of the Agricultural Extension
Approaches in Nepal (Dr. Raju Ghimire/
LekhnathAcharya)
 Wikipedia.org
ThankYou!
Have a good day!