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Adrenal-Gland-pptx anatomy of abdominal organ

Anatomy

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Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands Anatomy Dr.Md.Ashraful Islam
Objectives • At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to describe the: • Location, shape and relations of the right and left adrenal glands. • Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of right and left adrenal glands • Parts of adrenal glands and function of each part.
• Suprarenal glands – pair of importance endocrine glands situated on the posterior abdominal wall over the upper pole of the kidneys. • The suprarenal (adrenal) gland is a component of the hypothalamic- pituitary-suprarenal axis that is responsible for coordinating stress response and metabolism. • Made up of two parts – Outer cortex – 9/10th - mesodermal origin secretes steriod hormone – Inner medulla – 1/10th -neural crest origin secretes adrenalin and noradrenalin
Location • They are yellowish retroperitoneal organs that lie on the epigastrium at the upper poles of the kidneys, • just at the the level of the 11th thoracic vertebra (T11).
Size, shape and weight • In humans, the right adrenal gland is pyramidal in shape, whereas the left is semilunar or crescent shaped and somewhat larger. • The adrenal glands measure approximately 5.0 cm in length ,3 cm in width,and up to 1.0 cm in thickness. • Their combined weight in an adult human ranges from 7 to 10 grams (Average 5 grams)
Sheaths/coverings • Inner fatty sheath • Outer renal fascia – Separated from kidney by septum
External features
Right suprarenal gland a) Apex b) Base: Related to upper pole of the right kidney. Two surfaces: Anterior surface: is devoid of peritoneum except for a small part inferiorly. Medially it is related to inferior venecava. Laterally it is related to liver. Inferiorly it is related to duodenum. Posterior surface : Related to right crus of the diaphragm Three borders: Anterior border: A little below the apex it presents the hilum where the supra renal vein emerges. Medial border: Related to right coeliac ganglion & Right inferior phrenic artery. Lateral border
Left suprarenal gland Two ends: Upper narrow end - posterior extremity of the spleen Lower rounded end - hilum through which the left supra renal vein emerges Two borders: Medial; convex border; related to the left coeliac ganglion, left inferior phrenic artery & left gastric artery. Lateral; concave border. Two surfaces: Anterior: From above downwards it is related to the cardiac end of stomach, the splenic artery & the pancreas. Posterior: Related to the kidney laterally & the left crus of the diaphragm medially.
 The right suprarenal gland  Is pyramid shaped.  Caps the upper pole of the right kidney. • Relations: • Anterior: right lobe of the liver and inferior vena cava. • Posterior: diaphragm.  The left suprarenal gland  Is crescentic in shape  Extends along the medial border of the left kidney from the upper pole to the hilus. • Relations: • Anterior: pancreas, lesser sac, and stomach • Posterior: diaphragm.
 Arteries: The arteries supplying each gland are three in number:  superior,  middle, and  inferior suprarenal arteries  arise from;  inferior phrenic artery,  abdominal aorta, and  renal artery, respectively. • Veins: A single vein emerges from the hilum of each gland and drains • into the inferior vena cava on the right and • into the left renal vein on the left.  Nerve Supply:  Preganglionic sympathetic fibers  derived from the splanchnic nerves supply the glands.  Most of the nerves end in the medulla of the gland.  Lymph Drainage:  The lymph drains into the lateral aortic nodes.
Functions  The cortex of the suprarenal glands secretes hormones that include: Mineral corticoids, which are concerned with the control of fluid and electrolyte balance Glucocorticoids, which are concerned with the control of the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Small amounts of sex hormones, which probably play a role in the prepubertal development of the sex organs.  The medulla of the suprarenal glands secretes the catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
Development of the Adrenal Glands  The two parts of the adrenal gland i.e. the cortex and the medulla develop from two different origins. Cortex • is mesodermal in origin; • develops from the celomic epithelium of the posterior abdominal wall. Medulla • is ectodermal in origin; • develops from the neural crest cells.
CLINICAL CONDITIONS HYPERFUNCTION OF ADRENAL CORTEX  Glucocorticoid excess: Cushing’s syndrome (Hypercortisolism)- obesity, hirsutism, diabetes and hypogonadism  Mineralocorticoid excess: Hyper aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)  Sex corticoid excess: Adrenogenital syndrome HYPOFUNCTION OF ADRENAL CORTEX  Adreno cortical insufficiency: Addison s disease – muscle weakness, low BP, anaemia and pigmentation of skin HYPER FUNCTION OF ADRENAL MEDULLA  Phaeochromocytoma – palpitation, head ache, excessive sweating and pallor of skin
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